Editing Hawaii (section)

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{See also|Hawaii statistical areas}}
[[File:Hawaii population density 2020.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Population density map of Hawaii, 2020]]
{{US Census population
|1850 = 84165
|1860 = 69800
|1890 = 89990
|1900 = 154001
|1910 = 191909
|1920 = 255912
|1930 = 368336
|1940 = 423330
|1950 = 499794
|1960 = 632772
|1970 = 768561
|1980 = 964691
|1990 = 1108229
|2000 = 1211537
|2010 = 1360301
|2020 = 1455271
|estyear = 2024
|estimate = 1446146
|estref = <ref name="USCensusEst2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref>
|source=1778–1896<ref name="Schmitt1968">{{cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Robert C.|title=Demographic Statistics of Hawaii, 1778–1965|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/30985/DemographicStatisticsHawaii.pdf|year=1968|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|location=Honolulu, HI|hdl=10125/30985|oclc=760489664|pages=41, 69|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153411/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/30985/DemographicStatisticsHawaii.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|footnote = 1778 (est.) = 300000, 1819 (est.) = 145000, 1835–1836 = 107954, 1872 = 56897, 1884 = 80578, 1896 = 109020
}}

After Europeans and [[Mainland United States|mainland Americans]] first arrived during the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] period, the overall population of Hawaii—which until that time composed solely of Indigenous Hawaiians—fell dramatically. Many people of the Indigenous Hawaiian population died to foreign diseases, declining from an estimated 300,000 in the 1770s, to 60,000 in the 1850s, to 24,000 in 1920. Other estimates for the pre-contact population range from 150,000 to 1.5 million.<ref name="OHA"/> The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th{{spaces}}century.<ref name="Hawaiian Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/population-and-visitor-statist.asp |title=Hawaiian Encyclopedia : Population and Visitor Statistics |publisher=Hawaiianencyclopedia.com |date=July 1, 2002 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214051108/http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/population-and-visitor-statist.asp |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1923, 42% of the population was of Japanese descent, 9% of Chinese descent, and 16% [[Native Hawaiian]] descent.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The States|url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1923-03-03/page/8/ |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |page=8 |date=March 3, 1923 |access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref>

In 2010, 156,000 residents declared themselves to be solely of Native Hawaiian ancestry, just over half the estimated pre-contact population. An additional 371,000 declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races (including other Polynesian groups, but mostly [[Asian people|Asian]] or [[White American|White]]).

In 2018, the [[United States Census Bureau]] estimated the population of Hawaii to be 1,420,491, a decrease of 7,047 from the previous year but an increase of 60,190 (4.42%) since 2010. This includes a natural increase of 48,111 (96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Fiona|date=December 29, 2020|title=People leaving Hawaii doubled in 2020|url=https://www.sfgate.com/hawaii/article/hawaii-exodus-2020-people-leaving-doubles-15832708.php|access-date=December 29, 2020|website=SFGATE}}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=This paragraph was unsourced. It needs to be completely rewritten using this citation I added|date=December 2020}}

The center of population of Hawaii is located on the island of [[O'ahu]]. Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to [[Las Vegas]], which has been called the "ninth island" of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |title=Las Vegas: Bright Lights, Big City, Small Town |url=http://stateofthereunion.com/home/season-2-2/las-vegas-nv |url-status=dead |publisher=State of the Reunion |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602145540/http://stateofthereunion.com/home/season-2-2/las-vegas-nv |archive-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hawaii's ninth island offers everything we need |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Apr/11/tr/hawaii4110346.html |url-status=live |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |access-date=July 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110090555/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Apr/11/tr/hawaii4110346.html |archive-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>

Hawaii has a ''de facto'' population of over 1.4{{spaces}}million, due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents. [[O'ahu]] is the most populous island; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in {{convert|597|sqmi|km2|0}}, approximately 1,650 people per square mile.{{efn|For comparison, [[New Jersey]]—which has 8,717,925 people in {{convert|7417|sqmi|km2|0}}—is the most-densely populated state in [[United States|the Union]] with 1,134 people per square mile.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Latest Population Estimate Data|url=https://census.hawaii.gov/home/population-estimate/|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=census.hawaii.gov}}</ref> Hawaii's 1.4{{spaces}}million residents, spread across {{convert|6000|mi2|-2}} of land, result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html |title=Hawaii Quickfacts |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028063456/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html |archive-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> The state has a lower population density than [[Ohio]] and [[Illinois]].<ref name="USCB density">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php#AREA_HI |title=Resident Population Data—2010 Census |website=2010 Census |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |location=Washington, DC |access-date=May 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028061117/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php |archive-date=October 28, 2011 }}</ref>

The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years; 77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female—longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/projections/MethTab2.xls|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100615135706/http://www.census.gov/population/projections/MethTab2.xls|archive-date=June 15, 2010|title=Average life expectancy at birth by state|access-date=November 5, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2011}} the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands.<ref name=Hawaii_mil>{{cite web|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1109.pdf|website=Department of Defense|access-date=October 21, 2013|date=September 30, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019001235/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1109.pdf|archive-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref>

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 5,967 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007–2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref>

In 2018, The top countries of origin for immigrants in Hawaii were the [[Philippines]], [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and the [[Marshall Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_hawaii.pdf|title=Immigrants in Hawaii}}</ref>

===Ancestry===
{{further|Native Hawaiians|White Americans in Hawaii|Filipinos in Hawaii|Japanese in Hawaii}}
[[File:Early Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.jpg|thumb|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation.]]

According to the 2020 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,455,271. The state's population identified as 37.2% [[Asian Americans|Asian]]; 25.3% [[Multiracial Americans|Multiracial]]; 22.9% [[White Americans|White]]; 10.8% [[Native Hawaiians]] and [[Pacific Islander Americans|other Pacific Islanders]]; 9.5% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latinos]] of any race; 1.6% [[African Americans|Black or African American]]; 1.8% from some other race; and 0.3% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American and Alaskan Native]].<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/hawaii/040-15/|title=How many people live in Hawaii|author=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Indianapolis Star }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Hawaii racial breakdown of population
|-
! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census" /> 
!1980<ref name="census" />!! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |author=Population Division, Laura K. Yax |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/HI |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107203104/http://censusviewer.com/city/HI |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |title=Population of Hawaii: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data|author=Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO)|access-date=December 9, 2017|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau"/>
|-
|[[White American|White]] || 38.8% 
|33.0%|| 33.4% || 24.3% || 24.7%|| 22.9%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || rowspan=2|57.7% 
| rowspan="2" |60.5%|| rowspan="2" |61.8% || 41.6% || 38.6% || 37.2%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and{{break}}[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || 9.4% || 10.0% || 10.8%
|-
| [[African American|Black]] || 1.0% 
|1.8%|| 2.5% || 1.8% || 1.6% || 1.6%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American and Alaskan Native]] || 0.1% 
|0.3%|| 0.5% || 0.3% || 0.3% || 0.3%
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 2.4% 
|4.4%|| 1.9% || 1.2% || 1.2% || 1.8%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – 
| –|| – || 21.4% || 23.6% || 25.3%
|}

Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state. It is the only state where people who identify as Asian Americans are the largest ethnic group. In 2012, 14.5% of the resident population under age 1 was non-Hispanic white.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]|access-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|archive-date=July 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaii's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipino Americans, 185,000 (13.6%) Japanese Americans, roughly 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans, and 24,000 (1.8%) [[Korean American]]s.<ref name="US Census Bureau" />

Over 120,000 (8.8%) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii. Mexican Americans number over 35,000 (2.6%); Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25% of Hawaii's population, exceeding 320,000 people. Hawaii is the only state to have a tri-racial group as its largest multiracial group, one that includes white, Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (22% of all mutiracial population).<ref>{{cite web|title=Hawaii is home to the nation's largest share of multiracial Americans|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/17/hawaii-is-home-to-the-nations-largest-share-of-multiracial-americans/|access-date=December 14, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|date=June 17, 2015 }}</ref> The non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000—just over 20% of the population. The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people.<ref name="US Census Bureau" /> In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population was 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hawaii—Race and Hispanic Origin: 1900 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>

There are more than 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians—5.9% of the population.<ref name="US Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190521214830/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data |publisher=[[US Census Bureau]] |access-date=May 22, 2012}}</ref> Including those with partial ancestry, Samoan Americans constitute 2.8% of Hawaii's population, and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6%.<ref name="American FactFinder">{{cite web|title=Race Reporting for the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population by Selected Categories: 2010|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP9&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150328060334/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP9&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2015|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref>

The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%), Irish (5.2%), English (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%) and Italian (2.7%). About 82.2% of the state's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75% of foreign-born residents originate from Asia. Hawaii is a [[Majority minority in the United States|majority-minority state]]. It was expected to be one of three states that would not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014; the other two are California and [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-population-california-idUSBRE91006920130201 |title=California's Hispanic population projected to outnumber white in 2014 |publisher=Reuters |date=January 31, 2013 |access-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075415/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/01/us-usa-population-california-idUSBRE91006920130201 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Hawaiʻi Demographics Map.png|thumb|Map of the largest racial/ethnic group by area; red indicates Native Hawaiian, blue indicates non-Hispanic white, and green indicates Asian. Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population]]

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Population of Hawaii''' (2008)<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{cite web|author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US15&-format=&-_lang=en |title=Hawaii—ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2008 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211181857/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US15&-format=&-_lang=en |archive-date=February 11, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US15&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=|title=Hawaii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202062818/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US15&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=|archive-date=December 2, 2010}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!Ancestry||Percentage||Main article
|-
|[[Filipinos|Filipino]]
!13.6%
|''See [[Filipinos in Hawaii]]''
|-
| Japanese
!12.6%
|''See [[Japanese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Polynesia]]n
!9.0%
|''See [[Native Hawaiians]]''
|-
|[[Germans]]
!7.4%
|''See [[German American]]''
|-
|Irish
!5.2%
|''See [[Irish Americans|Irish American]]''
|-
|English
!4.6%
|''See [[English American]]''
|-
|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
!4.3%
|''See [[Portuguese immigration to Hawaii|Portuguese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|Chinese
!4.1%
|''See [[Chinese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|Korean
!3.1%
|''See [[Korean American]]''
|-
|Mexican
!2.9%
|''See [[Mexican American]]''
|-
|[[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]]
!2.8%
|''See [[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Ricans in Hawaii]]''
|-
|Italian
!2.7%
|''See Italian American''
|-
|[[African Americans|African]]
!2.4%
|''See African American''
|-
|French
!1.7%
|''See [[French American]]''
|-
|[[Samoans|Samoan]]
!1.3%
|''See [[Samoans in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]
!1.2%
|''See [[Scottish American]]''
|}

The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China. Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways.<ref name="Charles Williams">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Charles |title=The Missionary Gazetteer: Comprising a Geographical and Statistical Account of the Various Stations of the Church, London, Moravian, Wesleyan, Baptist, and American, Missionary Societies Etc., With Their Progress in Evangelization and Civilization |others=B B Edwards |url={{google books |plainurl=y|id=V6YNAAAAQAAJ|page=42}} |access-date=May 3, 2012 |edition=America |series=CIHM/ICMH microfiche series, no. 35042 (also ATLA monograph preservation program; ATLA fiche 1988–3226) |year=1832 |orig-year=1828 |publisher=W. Hyde & Co |location=Boston, MA |isbn=978-0-665-35042-9 |id={{OCLC|657191416|718098082|719990067|680518873}} |page=424}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, a large proportion of Hawaii's population have Asian ancestry—especially Filipino, Japanese and Chinese. Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to-late 19th century. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not approved by the then-current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]—by then replaced by the [[Meiji Restoration]]. The first Japanese current-government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885, after Kalākaua's petition to [[Emperor Meiji]] when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881.<ref name="Goto">{{cite web |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/10/000016406_20070510133229/Rendered/PDF/wps4203.pdf |title=Latin Americans of Japanese Origin (''Nikkeijin'') Working in Japan—A Survey |first=Junichi |last=Goto |date=April 2007 |website=Documents & Reports—All Documents &#124; The World Bank |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC |pages=5, 48 |access-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611133213/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/10/000016406_20070510133229/Rendered/PDF/wps4203.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wao+Lani">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao+Lani&treasure=369&offset=0 |title=+ Hawaii Alive &#124; Realms: Wao Lani + |website=Hawaii Alive |location=Honolulu, HI |publisher=[[Bishop Museum]] |access-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426110326/http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao+Lani&treasure=369&offset=0 |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations.<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Frederic L. |date=September 1899 |title=The Portuguese Population in the United States |journal=Publications of the American Statistical Association |volume=6 |issue=47 |pages=327–336 |oclc=11137237 |jstor=2276463 |s2cid=128107627 |doi=10.2307/2276463}}{{Subscription required}} See pp. 332–333.</ref> By 1901, more than 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii.<ref name="López">{{cite encyclopedia |last=López |first=Iris |editor=Ruiz, Vicki L. |editor2=Korrol, Virginia Sánchez |encyclopedia=Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia |title=Puerto Ricans in Hawaii |series=Gale Virtual Reference Library |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=_62IjQ-XQScC |page=591}} |access-date=May 3, 2012 |date=May 3, 2006 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |volume=2 |location=Bloomington, IN |id={{OCLC|74671044|748855661|756540171}} |isbn=978-0-253-34680-3 |pages=591–95}}</ref>

===Languages===
[[File:Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii during the 19th century.jpg|thumb|Many [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants were [[Azores|Azorean]] or [[Madeira]]n. They brought with them [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and Portuguese language and cuisine.]]

English and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are listed as Hawaii's official languages in the state's 1978 constitution, in Article XV, Section 4.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii|url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126122307/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the use of Hawaiian is limited because the constitution specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law". [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiʻi Creole English]], locally referred to as "Pidgin", is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bu Kerry Chan Laddaran, Special to|title=Pidgin English is now an official language of Hawaii|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/12/living/pidgin-english-hawaii/index.html|access-date=February 17, 2021|website=CNN|date=November 12, 2015}}</ref>

As of the 2000 Census, 73.4% of Hawaii residents age{{spaces}}5 and older exclusively speak English at home.<ref name=mla>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=15&mode=state_tops |title=Language Map Data Center |publisher=Mla.org |date=July 17, 2007 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831190300/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D15%26mode%3Dstate_tops |archive-date=August 31, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents older than{{spaces}}5 speak only English at home.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" /> In their homes, 21.0% of state residents speak an additional [[Languages of Asia|Asian language]], 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.6% speak other [[Indo-European language]]s and 0.2% speak another language.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" />

After English, other languages popularly spoken in the state are [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and Japanese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/acs/Report/Detailed_Language_March2016.pdf |title=DETAILED LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOME IN THE STATE OF HAWAII |publisher=Hawaii State Data Center |date=March 2016 |page=iii |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> 5.4% of residents speak Tagalog, which includes non-native speakers of [[Filipino language|Filipino]], a Tagalog-based national and co-official language of the Philippines; 5.0% speak Japanese and 4.0% speak Ilocano; 1.2% speak Chinese, 1.7% speak Hawaiian; 1.7% speak Spanish; 1.6% speak [[Korean language|Korean]]; and 1.0% speak [[Samoan language|Samoan]].<ref name=mla />

====Hawaiian====
{{main|Hawaiian language}}
The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers, about 0.15% of the total population.<ref name=Lyovin /> According to the [[United States Census]], there were more than 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006–2008.<ref name="Census Bureau Hawaiian Speaker estimate">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |title=Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008 |date=April 2010 |website=American Community Survey Data on Language Use |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |location=Washington, DC |access-date=May 7, 2012 |format=MS-Excel Spreadsheet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922225023/https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |archive-date=September 22, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name=Lyovin>{{Cite book | last = Lyovin | first = Anatole V. | title = An Introduction to the Languages of the World | location = New York | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-19-508116-9|pages=257–58}}</ref> It is closely related to other [[Polynesian languages]], such as [[Marquesan language|Marquesan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Māori language|Māori]], [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] (the language of [[Easter Island]]), and less closely to [[Samoan language|Samoan]] and [[Tongan language|Tongan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schütz |first=Albert J. |title=The voices of Eden: a history of Hawaiian language studies |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, HI |date=1994 |isbn=0-585-28415-6 |oclc=45733324}}</ref>

According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE<ref>{{cite book |last=Schütz |first=Albert J. |title=The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, HI |year=1994 |pages=334–36; 338 ''20n'' |isbn=978-0-8248-1637-7}}</ref> and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the [[Society Islands]], [[Samoa]] and [[Tonga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/hawaiian-language-history-phrases.html |title=Hawaiian Language: History & Phrases |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=study.com}}</ref> These Polynesians remained in the islands; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and [[Hawaiian language#Family and origin|their languages]] evolved into the Hawaiian language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elbert |first1=Samuel H. |author1-link=Samuel Hoyt Elbert |first2=Mary Kawena |last2=Pukui |author2-link=Mary Kawena Pukui |title=Hawaiian Grammar |publisher=The University Press of Hawaii |location=Honolulu, HI |year=1979 |pages=35–36 |isbn=0-8248-0494-5}}</ref> Kimura and Wilson say: "[l]inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kimura |first1=Larry |last2=Pila |first2=Wilson |chapter=Native Hawaiian Culture |title=Native Hawaiian Study Commission Minority Report |publisher=[[United States Department of Interior]] |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1983 |pages=173–203 [185]}}</ref>

Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no written form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 who assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet. Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established. The [[University of Hawaiʻi]] developed a Hawaiian-language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.honolulumagazine.com/how-honolulu-gets-its-street-names-and-neighborhood-themes/ |title=How Honolulu Gets Its Street Names and Neighborhood Themes |magazine=[[Honolulu (magazine)|Honolulu]] |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>

Hawaiian distinguishes between [[Vowel length|long and short vowel sounds]]. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] (''[[Hawaiian language#Orthography|kahakō]]''). Hawaiian-language newspapers (''nūpepa'') published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing. The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to capture the proper pronunciation of Hawaiian words.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~strauch/tips/HawaiianOrthography.html |title=Using Correct Hawaiian Orthography |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref> The Hawaiian language uses the [[glottal stop]] (''[[ʻOkina]]'') as a consonant. It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left-hanging (opening) single quotation mark.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iolanipalace.org/information/hawaiian-language/ |title=Use of the Written Hawaiian Language |publisher=Iolani Palace |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>

The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is [[QWERTY]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/dev/keyboards/layouts/haw.html|title=Layouts: Hawaiian (haw)|website=unicode.org|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013041/http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/dev/keyboards/layouts/haw.html|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Hawaiian Pidgin====
{{main|Hawaiian Pidgin}}
[[File:Hermann A. Widemann and family, ca. 1850s.jpg|thumb|Mixed Hawaiian/European-American family in Honolulu, 1850s]]'''Hawaiian Pidgin''', officially known as [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiʻi Creole English]] (HCE), is a creole language that emerged in [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaiʻi]] during the 19th century as a means of communication among diverse groups working on sugarcane plantations.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Hawaiian Pidgin History |url=https://www.dapidgin.com/history/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.dapidgin.com}}</ref> Its lexicon is primarily derived from [[English language|English]], with significant contributions from [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].

The development of Hawaiian Pidgin began with [[Pidgin Hawaiian]], an earlier pidgin that formed in the 1790s during initial contact between [[Native Hawaiians]] and foreigners. As plantation laborers from various countries arrived, a new pidgin based on English evolved to facilitate communication among workers and supervisors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Pidgin Hawaiian |url=https://apics-online.info/surveys/71 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=apics-online.info}}</ref>

By the early 20th century, children of these plantation workers began acquiring '''Hawaiian Pidgin''' as their first language, leading to its creolization. This transition marked the emergence of HCE as a fully developed creole language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawai{{okina}}i Creole English |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/hce.html |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=www.hawaii.edu}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

HCE incorporates Hawaiian words, especially in place names and terms for local flora and fauna. For instance, the Hawaiian term for tuna, "ahi," is commonly used in HCE. Additionally, certain English words have adapted meanings; "aunty" and "uncle" are used to address any respected elder, regardless of familial relation.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Sood |first=Suemedha |date=April 20, 2012 |title=Surfer lingo, explained |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120418-travelwise-surfer-lingo-explained |access-date=December 9, 2020 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Know Before You Go: Pidgin and Hawaiian Language Slang |url=https://www.suite-paradise.com/blog/local-scoop/common-hawaiian-and-pidgin-slang |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Suite Paradise |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pidgin English in Hawaii {{!}} Hawaii Life Vacations |url=https://vacations.hawaiilife.com/blog/hawaii/eh-brah-hawaiian-pidgin-english |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=vacations.hawaiilife.com}}</ref>

Some expressions from HCE have permeated other communities, particularly through surfing culture. Terms like "brah" (brother) and "da kine" (a versatile placeholder term) have gained recognition beyond Hawaiʻi.<ref name=":8" />

In 2015, the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] recognized Hawaiian Pidgin as an official language in Hawaiʻi, reflecting its widespread use among residents. Despite this recognition, debates continue about its role in education and its impact on learning [[Standard English]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/25a8f799-25da-4f99-985e-3e7ec71118cf/content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709083050/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/25a8f799-25da-4f99-985e-3e7ec71118cf/content |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Hawaiʻi Sign Language ====
[[Hawaiʻi Sign Language]], a [[sign language]] for the Deaf based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s. It is dwindling in numbers due to [[American Sign Language]] supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chin |first=Corinne |title=The fight to save Hawaii Sign Language from extinction |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/08/americas/hawaii-sign-language-extinction-as-equals-intl-cmd/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{main|Hawaiian religion}}
{{see also|Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|List of figures in the Hawaiian religion|List of missionaries to Hawaii}}
[[File:Perspective view of northwest elevation - Makiki Christian Church, 829 Pensacola Street, Honolulu, Honolulu County, HI HABS HI-533-1 (cropped).tif|thumb|alt=The façade of a Christian church in downtown Honolulu.|The style of architecture for the Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon [[Japanese architecture]].]]

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religious self-identification, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2022 ''American Values Survey''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=PRRI – American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Hawaii|url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-HI|access-date=2023-04-03 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]]}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Protestantism]]
| value1 = 42
| color1 = Blue
| label2 = [[Catholicism]]
| value2 = 13
| color2 = Purple
| label3 = [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii|Mormonism]]
| value3 = 1
| color3 = DeepSkyBlue
| label4 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]]
| value4 = 37
| color4 = White
| label5 = [[Buddhism]]
| value5 = 4
| color5 = Gold
| label6 = Other
| value6 = 3
| color6 = Black
}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Hawaii (2014)<ref name="pew2014" />
| label1 = [[Protestantism]]
| value1 = 38
| color1 = DodgerBlue
| label2 = [[Catholicism]]
| value2 = 20
| color2 = #d4213d
| label3 = [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii|Mormonism]]
| value3 = 3
| color3 = DeepSkyBlue
| label4 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| value4 = 1
| color4 = Aquamarine
| label5 = Other Christian
| value5 = 1
| color5 = Pink
| label6 = [[Irreligious|No religion]]
| value6 = 26
| color6 = Honeydew
| label7 = [[Buddhism]]
| value7 = 8
| color7 = Gold
| label8 = Other religion
| value8 = 2
| color8 = Chartreuse
| label9 = Don't know
| value9 = 1
| color9 = Black
}}
Hawaii is among the most religiously diverse states in the U.S., with one in ten residents practicing a non-Christian faith.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/|access-date=July 19, 2021|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Roughly one-quarter to half the population identify as unaffiliated and nonreligious, making Hawaii one of the most secular states as well.

Christianity remains the majority religion, represented mainly by various [[Protestants|Protestant]] groups and [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. The second-largest religion is [[Buddhism]], which comprises a larger proportion of the population than in any other state; it is concentrated in the Japanese community. Native Hawaiians continue to engage in traditional religious and spiritual practices today, often adhering to Christian and traditional beliefs at the same time.<ref name="LaDuke 1999" /><ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331" /><ref name="People of the seventh fire" /><ref name="nps.gov" />

The [[Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew (Honolulu)|Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew]] in Honolulu was formally the seat of the [[Church of Hawaii|Hawaiian Reformed Catholic Church]], a province of the [[Anglican Communion]] that had been the state church of the Kingdom of Hawaii; it subsequently merged into the [[Episcopal Church (USA)|Episcopal Church]] in the 1890s following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, becoming the seat of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii]]. The [[Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace]] and the [[Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus (Honolulu, Hawaii)|Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus]] serve as seats of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu|Diocese of Honolulu]]. The Eastern Orthodox community is centered around the [[Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific (Honolulu)|Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific]].

The largest religious denominations by membership were the Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010;<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112160810/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] with 68,128 adherents in 2009;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/state/hawaii |title=Facts and Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523085659/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/state/hawaii |archive-date=May 23, 2020 |work=[[Church News]] |date=2020 |access-date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> the [[United Church of Christ]] with 115 congregations and 20,000 members; and the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] with 108 congregations and 18,000 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives—Maps & Reports |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_name_2010.asp |url-status=live |access-date=April 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421163629/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_name_2010.asp |archive-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref> [[Nondenominational church]]es collectively have 128 congregations and 32,000 members.

According to data provided by religious establishments, religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2000 |title=State of Hawaii Data Book 2000, Section 1 Population, Table 1.47 |publisher=Hawaii.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020193420/http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2000 |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Sep/21/il/il11afaith.html |title=Survey shows partial picture |newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser |date=September 21, 2002 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009103414/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Sep/21/il/il11afaith.html |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*Christianity: 351,000 (29%)
*Buddhism: 110,000 (9%)
*Judaism: 10,000 (1%)<ref>{{cite web|author=Bernard Katz|title=The Jewish Community of Maui, Hawaii|website=Museum of the Jewish People – Beit Hatfutsot|url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-maui-hawaii/|access-date=March 14, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101095528/https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-maui-hawaii/|archive-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref>
*Other: 100,000 (10%)
*Unaffiliated: 650,000 (51%)
{{div col end}}

{{notelist-ua}}

However, a [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] poll found that the religious composition was as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in Hawaii (2014)<ref name="pew2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/hawaii/|title=Adults in Hawaii|work=Religious Landscape Study|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707121053/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/hawaii/|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Affiliation
! colspan="2"|% of Hawaiʻi's population
|-
| Christian
|align=right| {{bartable|63||2||background:darkblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Evangelical Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|25||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Mainline Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|11||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Black church]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Catholic]]
|align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii|Mormon]]
|align=right| {{bartable|3||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Eastern Orthodox]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Christian
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]
|align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:purple}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Nothing in particular
|align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Agnostic
|align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Atheism|Atheist]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| Non-Christian faiths
|align=right| {{bartable|10||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Jewish
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Muslim]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Buddhist]]
|align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Hindu]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Non-Christian faiths
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| Don't know
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| '''Total''' || {{bartable|100||2||background:grey}}
|}

=== Birth data ===
''Note: Births in this table do not add up, because Hispanic peoples are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ Live births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2013|volume=64|issue=1|date=January 15, 2015|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|access-date=April 18, 2018|institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{cite web |title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2014 |volume=64 |issue=12 |date=December 23, 2015 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |access-date=April 18, 2018 |institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2015|volume=66|issue=1|date=January 5, 2017|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|access-date=April 18, 2018|institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Births: Final Data for 2016 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=NVSS |access-date=May 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Births: Final Data for 2017 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=NVSS |access-date=February 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=March 29, 2021 }}</ref>
! 2020<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>
! 2021<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref>
! 2022<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref>
! 2023<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr74/nvsr74-1.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2025-04-11}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 12,203 (64.3%)
| 11,535 (62.2%)
| 11,443 (62.1%)
| 4,616 (25.6%)
| 4,653 (26.6%)
| 4,366 (25.7%)
| 4,330 (25.8%)
| 3,940 (25.0%)
| 3,851 (24.6%)
| 3,854 (24.8%)
| 3,524 (23.8%)
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
| 4,940 (26.0%)
| 4,881 (26.3%)
| 4,803 (26.1%)
| 3,649 (20.2%)
| 3,407 (19.4%)
| 3,288 (19.4%)
| 3,223 (19.2%)
| 3,060 (19.4%)
| 3,018 (19.3%)
| 2,896 (18.6%)
| 2,806 (18.9%)
|-
| [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]]
| ...
| ...
| ...
| 1,747 (9.7%)
| 1,684 (9.6%)
| 1,706 (10.1%)
| 1,695 (10.1%)
| 1,577 (10.0%)
| 1,371 (8.8%)
| 1,486 (9.6%)
| 1,396 (9.4%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 671 (3.5%)
| 617 (3.3%)
| 620 (3.3%)
| 463 (2.6%)
| 406 (2.3%)
| 424 (2.5%)
| 429 (2.6%)
| 383 (2.4%)
| 342 (2.2%)
| 326 (2.1%)
| 313 (2.1%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 68 (0.3%)
| 30 (0.2%)
| 35 (0.2%)
| 28 (0.1%)
| 39 (0.2%)
| 33 (0.2%)
| 27 (0.2%)
| 25 (0.1%)
| 23 (0.1%)
| 30 (0.2%)
| 31 (0.2%)
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] (any race)
| ''3,003'' (15.8%)
| ''2,764'' (14.9%)
| ''2,775'' (15.1%)
| ''2,766'' (15.3%)
| ''2,672'' (15.3%)
| ''2,580'' (15.2%)
| ''2,589'' (15.4%)
| ''2,623'' (16.6%)
| ''2,661'' (17.0%)
| ''2,701'' (17.4%)
| ''2,610'' (17.6%)
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''18,987''' (100%)
| '''18,550''' (100%)
| '''18,420''' (100%)
| '''18,059''' (100%)
| '''17,517''' (100%)
| '''16,972''' (100%)
| '''16,797''' (100%)
| '''15,785''' (100%)
| '''15,620''' (100%)
| '''15,535''' (100%)
| '''14,808''' (100%)
|}

:1) Until 2016, data for births of Asian origin, included also births of the Pacific Islander group.
:2) Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

===LGBTQ people===
Hawaii has had a long history of [[LGBTQIA+]] identities. {{Lang|haw|[[Māhū]]}} ("in the middle") were a precolonial [[third gender]] with traditional spiritual and social roles, widely respected as healers. Homosexual relationships known as ''[[aikāne]]'' were widespread and normal in ancient Hawaiian society.<ref name="Murray2002">{{cite book|author=Stephen O. Murray|title=Homosexualities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99|date=June 1, 2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-55195-1|pages=99–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627132241/http://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kornblum2011">{{cite book|author=William Kornblum|title=Sociology in a Changing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189|date=January 31, 2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-30157-6|page=165|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123651/http://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Klarman2012">{{cite book|author=Michael Klarman|title=From the Closet to the Altar: Courts, Backlash, and the Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56|date=October 18, 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992210-9|pages=56–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123631/http://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Among men, ''aikāne'' relationships often began as teens and continued throughout their adult lives, even if they also maintained heterosexual partners.<ref name="EmberEmber2003">{{cite book|author1=Carol R. Ember|author2=Melvin Ember|title=Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures Topics and Cultures A–K—Volume 1; Cultures L–Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207|date=December 31, 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-47770-6|pages=207–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515091537/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207|archive-date=May 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> While ''aikāne'' usually refers to male homosexuality, some stories also refer to women, implying that women may have been involved in ''aikāne'' relationships as well.<ref name="Zimmerman2000">{{cite book|author=Bonnie Zimmerman|title=Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-1920-7|pages=358–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205251/https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358|archive-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Journals written by [[James Cook|Captain Cook]]'s crew record that many ''[[aliʻi]]'' (hereditary nobles) also engaged in ''aikāne'' relationships, and [[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha the Great]], the founder and first ruler of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]], was also known to participate. Cook's second lieutenant and co-astronomer [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] observed that "all the chiefs had them", and recounts that Cook was actually asked by one chief to leave King behind, considering the role a great honor.

Hawaiian scholar [[Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa]] notes that ''aikāne'' served a practical purpose of building mutual trust and cohesion; "If you didn't sleep with a man, how could you trust him when you went into battle? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs, if he wasn't your lover?"<ref name="mahu">{{cite AV media |people= Xian, Kathryn and Brent Anbe (Directors)|year= 2001|title= ''Ke Kūlana He Māhū'': Remembering a Sense of Place|medium= DVD}}</ref>

As Western colonial influences intensified in the late 19th and early 20th century, the word ''aikāne'' was [[Expurgation|expurgated]] of its original sexual meaning, and in print simply meant "friend". Nonetheless, in Hawaiian language publications its metaphorical meaning can still mean either "friend" or "lover" without stigmatization.<ref>{{cite book|author=Noenoe K. Silva|title=Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press Durham & London|pages=66, 77|isbn=0-8223-8622-4|access-date=June 7, 2019|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094011/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2012 Gallup poll found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of LGBTQIA+ adults in the U.S., at 5.1%, an estimated 53,966 individuals. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239, representing a 35.5% increase from a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |title=LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota |date=February 15, 2013 |author1=Gates, Gary J. |author2=Newport, Frank |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |access-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621150848/http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |archive-date=June 21, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx |title=An Estimated 780,000 Americans in Same-Sex Marriages |author1=Gates, Gary J. |author2=Newport, Frank |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=May 9, 2015 |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429162023/http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx |archive-date=April 29, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage; this reportedly boosted tourism by $217{{spaces}}million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hawaii Senate passes gay marriage bill|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/hawaii-gay-marriage/3510441/|newspaper=USA Today|date=November 13, 2013|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710204833/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/hawaii-gay-marriage/3510441/|archive-date=July 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>