Editing Harlem (section)

===Social factors===
The [[population health]] of Central Harlem is closely linked to influential social factors on health, also known as [[social determinants of health]], and the impact of [[structural racism]] on the neighborhood. The impact of discriminatory policies such as [[redlining]] have contributed to residents' bearing worse health outcomes in comparison to the average New York city resident. This applies to life expectancy, poverty rates, environmental neighborhood health, housing quality, and childhood and adult asthma rates. Additionally, the health of Central Harlem residents are linked to their experience of racism.<ref>Hinterland K, Naidoo M, King L, Lewin V, Myerson G, Noumbissi B, Woodward M, Gould LH, Gwynn RC, Barbot O, Bassett MT. Community Health Profiles 2018, Manhattan Community District 10: Central Harlem; 2018;10(59):1–20.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Paradies |first1=Yin |last2=Ben |first2=Jehonathan |last3=Denson |first3=Nida |last4=Elias |first4=Amanuel |last5=Priest |first5=Naomi |last6=Pieterse |first6=Alex |last7=Gupta |first7=Arpana |last8=Kelaher |first8=Margaret |last9=Gee |first9=Gilbert |date=September 23, 2015 |title=Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0138511 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4580597 |pmid=26398658 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038511P |doi-access=free}}</ref> Public health and scientific research studies have found evidence that experiencing racism creates and exacerbates chronic stress that can contribute to major causes of death, particularly for African-American and Hispanic populations in the United States, like cardiovascular diseases.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/lcod/men/2016/nonhispanic-black/index.htm |title=From the CDC-Leading Causes of Death-Non-Hispanic Black Males 2016 |last=CDC |date=September 27, 2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423090324/https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/lcod/men/2016/nonhispanic-black/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/lcod/men/2016/hispanic/index.htm |title=From the CDC-Leading Causes of Death Hispanic Males 2016 |last=CDC |date=September 27, 2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513153912/https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/lcod/men/2016/hispanic/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/women/lcod/2016/nonhispanic-black/index.htm |title=From the CDC-Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, All Females-US |last=CDC |date=September 27, 2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524024545/https://www.cdc.gov/women/lcod/2016/nonhispanic-black/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Certain health disparities between Central Harlem and the rest of New York City can be attributed to 'avoidable causes' such as substandard housing quality, [[Poverty in the United States|poverty]], and law enforcement violence – all of which are issues identified by the [[American Public Health Association]] as key social determinants of health. These deaths that can be attributed to avoidable causes are known as "avertable deaths" of "[[Mortality displacement|excess mortality]]'"in public health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/housing-and-homelessness-as-a-public-health-issue |title=Housing and Homelessness as a Public Health Issue |website=www.apha.org |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206105920/https://apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/housing-and-homelessness-as-a-public-health-issue |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/reducing-income-inequality-to-advance-health |title=Reducing Income Inequality to Advance Health |website=www.apha.org |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801140411/https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/reducing-income-inequality-to-advance-health |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2019/01/29/law-enforcement-violence |title=Addressing Law Enforcement Violence as a Public Health Issue |website=www.apha.org |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219073916/https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2019/01/29/law-enforcement-violence |url-status=live }}</ref>