Editing Hanoi (section)

== Development ==

=== Infrastructural development ===
A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by [[Ernest Hébrard|Ernest Hebrard]] in 1924, but was only partially implemented.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The previous close relationship between the [[Soviet Union]] and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of [[Gosplan|Soviet planners]] between 1981 and 1984.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiem |first=Nguyen Manh |date=1996 |title=Strategic Orientation for Construction and Development of Hanoi, Vietnam |jstor=4314433 |journal=Ambio |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=108–109}}</ref> It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

In recent years, two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the [[Ministry of Construction (Vietnam)|Ministry of Construction]].<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the [[Gia Lâm District]], and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to [[Hà Đông District|Hà Đông]] and the [[Thanh Trì District]].<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> A rail transport system is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

In the late 1980s, the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in the [[Commune (Vietnam)|communes]] and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]], the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes, the local communities contributed 37% of the total budget.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" /> Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project.<ref name="FORBES 2001 68–84" />

=== Civil society development ===
Part of the goals of the [[Đổi Mới]] economic reforms was to decentralize governance for purpose of economic improvement. This led to the establishment of the first issue-oriented civic organizations in Hanoi. In the 1990s, Hanoi experienced significant poverty alleviation as a result of both the market reforms and civil society movements.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=j.ctt2jbjk6.22 |journal=Viet Nam – A Transition Tiger? |date=2004 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-0-7315-3750-1 |editor-last=Van Arkadie |editor-first=Brian |pages=224–234 |editor-last2=Mallon |editor-first2=Raymond |last1=Van Arkadie |first1=Brian |title=Poverty Alleviation |last2=Mallon |first2=Raymond}}</ref> Most of the civic organizations in Hanoi were established after 1995, at a rate much slower than in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |journal=Asian Survey |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=867–889 |jstor=10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867 |language=en |doi=10.1525/as.2003.43.6.867 |last1=Wischermann |first1=Joerg |title=VIETNAM IN THE ERA OF DOI MOI: Issue-Oriented Organizations and Their Relationship to the Government |year=2003 |s2cid=59469399}}</ref> Organizations in Hanoi are more "tradition-bound", focused on policy, education, research, professional interests, and appealing to governmental organizations to solve social problems.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> This marked difference from [[Ho Chi Minh City|Ho Chi Minh's]] civic organizations, which practice more direct intervention to tackle social issues, may be attributed to the different societal identities of North and South Vietnam.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Hanoi-based civic organizations use more systematic development and less of a direct intervention approach to deal with issues of rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection. They rely more heavily on full-time staff than volunteers. In Hanoi, 16.7% of civic organizations accept anyone as a registered member and 73.9% claim to have their own budgets, as opposed to 90.9% in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /> A majority of the civic organizations in Hanoi find it difficult to work with governmental organizations. Many of the strained relations between non-governmental and governmental organizations results from [[statism]], a bias against non-state organizations on the part of government entities.<ref name="ReferenceA" />