Editing Haile Selassie (section)

==== Eritrean annexation and uprising ====

A UN plebiscite voted to have Eritrea [[federation|federated]] with Ethiopia, later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and would become the federal parliament.<ref name="UN_GA_res-5">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm|title=General Assembly Resolutions 5th Session|publisher=United Nations|access-date=16 October 2007|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525180549/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/5/ares5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Selassie rejected European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 constitution protecting families to apply in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961 the 30-year [[Eritrean War for Independence]] began, followed by the dissolution of the federation and shutting down of Eritrea's parliament.<ref>Hickman Cutter, Charles (2001). ''Africa, 2001''. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 177. {{ISBN|978-1-887985-31-4}}. <q> When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962...</q></ref><ref>Gebremedhin, Tesfa G. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC&pg=PA4 Women, Tradition and Development: A Case Study of Eritrea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033418/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Women_Tradition_and_Development/t-6aHSOI_ukC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA4&printsec=frontcover |date=6 July 2024 }}''. Red Sea Press. pp. 4–5. {{ISBN|978-1-56902-153-8}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085135/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC&pg=PA4 Archived] from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref>

[[File:Selassie and Nasser, 1963.jpg|thumb|With Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] in Addis Abeba for the [[Organisation of African Unity]] summit, 1963]]

In September 1961, Selassie attended the [[1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in [[Belgrade]], [[FPR Yugoslavia]]. This is considered to be the founding conference of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>James Mark; Yakov Feygin (2020). "The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Alternative Vision of a Global Economy 1950s–1980s". In James Mark; Artemy M. Kalinovsky; Steffi Margus (eds.). ''Alternative Globalizations: Eastern Europe and the Postcolonial World''. [[Indiana University Press]]. pp. 35–58. {{ISBN|978-0-253-04650-5}}.</ref>

In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]]. Eritrea's elected parliament voted to become the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.<ref>Haile, Semere (1987), "The Origins and Demise of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation", ''Issue: A Journal of Opinion'', 15, pp. 9–17.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ayele|first1=Negussay|title=In Search of the Historical DNA of the Eritrean Problem: Review Article on the Eritrean Affair (1941–1963) by Ambassador Zewde Retta|url=http://www.ethiopians.com/NA_Review_EritreanAffair_ZR.htm|website=Ethiopians.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102051224/http://www.ethiopians.com/NA_Review_EritreanAffair_ZR.htm|access-date=26 July 2022|archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> The war would continue for 30 years; first Selassie, then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him, attempted to retain Eritrea by force.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia-Eritrea: A Troubled Relationship|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eritrea/overview.htm?noredirect=on|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025108/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eritrea/overview.htm?noredirect=on|archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=6 June 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

{{Wikisource|Haile Selassie's address to the United Nations, 1963}}

In 1963, Selassie presided over the formation of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide [[African Union]] (AU). The new organisation would establish its headquarters in [[Addis Ababa]]. In May of that year, Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with [[Modibo Keïta]] of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Selassie would initiate the concept of the [[United States of Africa]], a proposition later taken up by [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2015|title=The Last Emperor – The Fall of Haile Selassie|url=https://adst.org/2015/10/the-last-emperor-the-fall-of-haile-selassie/|website=ADST|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033928/https://adst.org/2015/10/the-last-emperor-the-fall-of-haile-selassie/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Ethiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video/34060|title=Ethiopia: New African Union Building and Kwame Statue|format=Video|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615065602/http://jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Ethiopia_New_African_un1on_Building_and_Kwame_Statue_Video/34060|archive-date=15 June 2012}}. ''Jimma Times''. 29 January 2012</ref>

In 1963, a [[Bale revolt|revolt in Bale]] occurred, where peasant rioters whom were discouraged by the Ethiopian taxation headed by Prime Minister [[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] later turned into an insurgency.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nicolas|first1=Gildas|year=1972|title=Protest in Ethiopia|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/18d681jd#page-15|url-status=live|journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies|publisher=UCLA|volume=2|issue=3|page=55|doi=10.5070/F723016603|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226121243/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/18d681jd#page-15|archive-date=26 December 2014|access-date=26 December 2014|doi-access=free}}</ref> This caused a semi-civil war with [[terrorist]] activities carried out by rebels supported by [[Western Somali Liberation Front|Somalia]] which later forced the Ethiopian government to declare a [[state of emergency]].<ref name="De Waal-1991">{{Cite book|last=De Waal|first=Alexander|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24504262|title=Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia.|date=1991|publisher=Human Rights Watch|others=Human Rights Watch|isbn=1-56432-038-3|location=New York|pages=66–68|oclc=24504262|access-date=17 March 2024|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061136/https://www.worldcat.org/title/evil-days-thirty-years-of-war-and-famine-in-ethiopia/oclc/24504262|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Beken|first=Christophe van der|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769473477|title=Unity in diversity : federalism as a mechanism to accommodate ethnic diversity : the case of Ethiopia|date=2012|publisher=LIT|isbn=978-3-643-90172-9|location=Berlin|pages=75–76|oclc=769473477|access-date=17 March 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706033929/https://search.worldcat.org/title/769473477|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="American Affairs">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.07200|title=American Affairs, Vol. 82, Issue no. January, April, July, October|page=516}}</ref> The Emperor's armed forces led by [[Government of the Ethiopian Empire|Prime Minister Aklilu's cabinet]] with the support of the United Kingdom and the United States were able to end the revolt after over six years of insurgency. This assured weakened diplomatic ties with Siad Barre's Somalia.<ref name="De Waal-1991"/><ref name="American Affairs"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|url=http://archive.org/details/ethiopiabradttra0000brig_l3i9|title=Ethiopia : the Bradt travel guide|date=2015|publisher=Chalfont St. Peter : Bradt Travel Guides; Guilford, Connecticut : Globe Pequot Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-84162-922-3|page=487}}</ref>