Editing Guildford (section)

==Public services==
===Utilities===
Until the start of the 18th century, residents of Guildford obtained their water from [[well]]s or from the Wey. In 1701, William Yarnold received a grant from the borough corporation to erect a waterwheel and pumps to raise river water to a reservoir at the foot of Pewley Down.<ref name=Croker_1999_p104>{{harvnb|Crocker|1999|p=104}}</ref> A network of pipes, formed from the hollow trunks of elm trees, was installed to distribute water through the town.<ref name=Field_2022_p57/> A new well was sunk in the town in 1865, but contamination by sewage resulted in an outbreak of [[typhoid fever]]. By 1898, the mains water infrastructure in the town was well-developed and included both gas- and coal-powered pumps.<ref name=Croker_1999_p104/> In 1952, the Guildford Corporation sold the town's water supply infrastructure to the Guildford, Godalming and District Water Board.<ref name=Davey_Context>{{cite news |last= Davey |first= John |date= March 2007 |title= The Guildford Town Mill mini-hydro project |work= Context |issue= 98 |pages= 17–20}}</ref>

The town sewerage system, including the wastewater treatment works at Bellfields, was constructed between 1889 and 1895.<ref name=Corke_1990_Burden>{{harvnb|Corke|1990|loc=Chapter: The burden of progress}}</ref> The current sewage works date from the 1960s, but will be relocated to a site {{cvt|1.5|km|mi}} to the north, as part of the Slyfield Area Regeneration Project. The move will release land for up to 1500 new homes. The new works are expected to open in 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date= 28 May 2021 |title= Guildford residents consulted on sewage works relocation plan |work= Fluid Handling International |url= https://fluidhandlingmag.com/news/guildford-residents-consulted-on-sewage-works-relocation-plan/ |access-date= 4 August 2022 |archive-date= 28 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210528102154/https://fluidhandlingmag.com/news/guildford-residents-consulted-on-sewage-works-relocation-plan/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= Pujeh |first1= Sallu |last2= Russell |first2= Dan |date= 9 June 2022 |title= Relocation of Guildford Sewage Treatment Works – the story so far |publisher= ICE |url= https://www.ice.org.uk/events/latest-events/relocation-of-guildford-sewage-treatment-works-the-story-so-far/ |access-date= 4 August 2022 |archive-date= 4 August 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220804212531/https://www.ice.org.uk/events/latest-events/relocation-of-guildford-sewage-treatment-works-the-story-so-far/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= 11 August 2021 |title= Contractors appointed for new Thames Water sewage works in Guildford |publisher= Thames Water |url= https://www.thameswater.co.uk/about-us/newsroom/latest-news/2021/aug/guildford-stw-contractors-announced |access-date= 4 August 2022 |archive-date= 17 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210917122101/https://www.thameswater.co.uk/about-us/newsroom/latest-news/2021/aug/guildford-stw-contractors-announced |url-status= live }}</ref>

The first gasworks in Guildford was opened in 1824 and street lighting was installed in May of that year.<ref>{{cite news |title= London, April 27 |date= 1 May 1825 |work= Jackson's Oxford Journal |issue= 3705}}</ref> The construction of a larger facility was authorised by parliament in 1857.<ref>{{cite news |title= Royal Assent |date= 27 June 1857 |work= The Standard |location= London |issue= 10256 }}</ref> The gasworks closed in the late 1960s and the area was cleared for the construction of the Bedford Road Sports Centre and the associated car park. Since 2000, part of the site has been occupied by the Odeon Cinema complex.<ref name=Newman_200_pp169-170>{{harvnb|Newman|2002|pp=74, 169–170}}</ref>

[[File:Electric Theatre, Guildford.JPG|thumb|right|The former Onslow Street power station is now the [[Electric Theatre]].]]
The first electricity-generating station was opened in 1896 in Onslow Street with an [[nameplate capacity|installed capacity]] of 60 [[Watt|kW]]. It was rebuilt and extended in 1913<ref name=Crocker_1999_p113>{{harvnb|Crocker|1999|p=113}}</ref> and was replaced in May 1928 by [[Guildford power station|a new plant in Woodbridge Road]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title= Guildford Electricity Supply |date= 31 May 1928 |issue= 44907 |page= 11}}</ref>{{refn|The [[Guildford power station|Woodbridge Road power station]] used river water for condensing steam and cooling. It had two slender chimneys for the boilers, which delivered 150,000&nbsp;lb/hr (18.9&nbsp;kg/s) of steam to the [[Alternator|turbo-alternators]].<ref name=":1">''CEGB Statistical Yearbook 1966'', CEGB, London.</ref>|group=note}} Under the [[Electricity (Supply) Act 1926]], Guildford was connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]], initially to a 33&nbsp;kV [[electric power transmission|supply ring]], which linked the town to Woking, Godalming, Farnham, Hindhead and Aldershot.<ref name=Crocker_1999_p118>{{harvnb|Crocker|1999|p=118}}</ref> The [[Electricity sector in the United Kingdom|electricity industry]] was [[nationalization|nationalised]] in 1948 and ownership of the Woodbridge Road station passed to the [[British Electricity Authority]] and then to the [[Central Electricity Generating Board]] (CEGB). In 1966 the power station had a generating capacity of 11.25 [[Watt|megawatts]] (MW) and delivered 9,090 [[Kilowatt hour|MWh]] of electricity.<ref name=":1" /> The CEGB closed the station in 1968 and it was subsequently demolished.<ref name=Crocker_1999_p113/>

There have been small-scale renewable electricity installations in Guildford since the start of the 20th century. In around 1907, the inventor, E. Lancaster Burne, erected one of the first [[wind turbine]]s on Pewley Hill to generate electricity for his house.<ref>{{cite web |last= Hodge |first= Nathanael |date= 1 January 2012 |url= https://new.millsarchive.org/2012/01/01/e-lancaster-burne-1869-1946/ |title= E. Lancaster Burne (1869-1946) |publisher= Mills Archive |access-date= 4 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Lavender M |title=Tales from Rex Wailes |url=https://mailchi.mp/millsarchive.org/mills-archive-tales-from-rex-wailes-across-the-pond-7471593?e=4a09b850c9 |publisher= Mills Archive |access-date= 1 March 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712182028/https://mailchi.mp/millsarchive.org/mills-archive-tales-from-rex-wailes-across-the-pond-7471593?e=4a09b850c9 |url-status=live }}</ref> A hydroelectric project to harness power from the River Wey opened in the former Toll House, part of the [[Town Mill, Guildford|Town Mill]] on Millmead, in 2006. The building, first constructed in 1897, originally housed turbines to pump river water to a reservoir on Pewley Hill.<ref name=Davey_Context/><ref>{{harvnb|Rose|Parke|2015|loc=Fig. 39}}</ref> Over its first ten years of operation, the installation generated over 1.5 GWh of electricity, which was supplied direct to the national grid.<ref>{{cite web |last= Reynolds |first= Chris |year= 2017a |title= Ten years at Guildford hydro-electric plant |publisher= Association for Public Service Excellence |url= https://www.apse.org.uk/apse/index.cfm/news/2017/ten-years-at-guildforde28099s-hydro-electric-plant/ |access-date= 4 August 2022 |archive-date= 1 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210201130101/https://www.apse.org.uk/apse/index.cfm/news/2017/ten-years-at-guildforde28099s-hydro-electric-plant/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Emergency services and justice===
The first police force in Guildford was established by the Guildford Watch Committee in 1836, which appointed nine constables, led by a part-time superintendent.<ref name=Rose_2000_pp11-12/><ref>{{harvnb|Middleton-Stewart|2001|p=2}}</ref>{{refn|A night patrol had been established in Guildford in 1759, under the powers of the Watching and Lighting Act.<ref name=Corke_1990_Burden/>|group=note}} In 1851, it briefly merged with the Surrey Constabulary, responsible for much of the rest of the county, but the two were separated again three years later. By 1866, the Guilford force had sixteen officers, one of whom had a salary paid by the [[London and South Western Railway|LSWR]].<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton-Stewart|2001|pp=3–4}}</ref> Five additional officers were employed in 1932, when the borough was enlarged.<ref name= Middleton-Stewart_2001_pp11-12>{{harvnb|Middleton-Stewart|2001|pp=11–12}}</ref>

Between 1840 and 1864, severe outbursts of semi-organised lawlessness, commonly known as the "Guy Riots", occurred in Guildford. The violence was focused on celebrations for the [[Guy Fawkes Night|Fifth of November]], but was amplified by local political issues.<ref name=Chamberlin_1982_pp176-179>{{harvnb|Chamberlin|1982|pp=176–179}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|1992|p=11}}</ref>{{refn|The local municipal elections took place in Guildford on 1 November each year.<ref name=Chamberlin_1982_pp176-179/>|group=note}} The rioters would rampage through the town after nightfall, damaging property and assaulting local residents.<ref name=Chamberlin_1982_pp176-179/><ref>{{cite news |title= Guy Fawkes Riots at Guildford |date= 23 November 1863 |work= The Standard |page= 3 |issue= 12257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= The disgraceful Guy Fawkes Riot at Guildford |date= 6 January 1863 |work= The Standard |page= 6 |issue= 12922}}</ref> Following severe lawlessness in March and September 1863,<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|1992|pp=97–98,102–103}}</ref> 200 soldiers were dispatched to the town in anticipation of further violence that November.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|1992|pp=107–108}}</ref> The army was able to disperse the rioters and four ringleaders were arrested. They were sentenced to hard labour the following April and there was no repeat of the violence in subsequent years.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|1992|pp=129–130}}</ref>

In 1941, the Guildford police force was amalgamated again with the Surrey Constabulary as a wartime efficiency measure and the merger became permanent in 1947.<ref name= Middleton-Stewart_2001_pp11-12/> The following year, the combined force moved its headquarters to Mount Browne in Sandy Lane.<ref name="Middleton-Stewart_2001_pp11-12"/> As of 2022, the local police force is [[Surrey Police]] and Guildford Police Station is at Margaret Road, GU1 4QS,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.surrey.police.uk/area/your-area/surrey/guildford/guildford-town/stations-contact-points-and-offices/top-reported-crimes-in-this-area |title= Guildford Town |author= <!--Not stated--> |year= 2022 |publisher= Surrey Police |access-date= 21 July 2022 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> on the site of the former cattle market.<ref name=Collyer_Rose_1999_p16/>

[[File:Guildford Fire Station.jpg|thumb|right|Guildford Fire Station, Ladymead]]
Guildford Fire Brigade was founded in 1863 as a volunteer force.<ref name=Corke_1990_Burden/><ref name=Field_2022_p85>{{harvnb|Field|2022|p=85}}</ref> Initially the horse-drawn fire engine was housed in a shed in North Street,<ref name=Field_2022_p85/> but a brick building (now the public toilets) was built in the same road in 1872<ref>{{harvnb|Collyer|Rose|1999|p=117}}</ref> The Guildford Brigade merged with others in Surrey in 1947, when the service became the responsibility of the county council.<ref name=Corke_1990_Burden/> In 2022, the [[fire authority]] for Guildford is Surrey County Council and the town fire station is at Ladymead.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.surreycc.gov.uk/people-and-community/fire-and-rescue/about/fire-stations |title= Our Fire Stations |author= <!--Not stated--> |publisher= Surrey County Council |access-date= 6 June 2021 |archive-date= 7 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210407142930/https://www.surreycc.gov.uk/people-and-community/fire-and-rescue/about/fire-stations |url-status= live }}</ref>

The ambulance service in Guildford was provided by [[St John Ambulance (England)|St John Ambulance]] until 1966, when the county council set up its own service.<ref>{{harvnb|Rose|2000|p=132}}</ref> In 2022, local ambulance services are run by the [[South East Coast Ambulance Service]] and the ambulance station is on London Road.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.secamb.nhs.uk/our-locations/ |title= Our Locations |author= <!--Not stated--> |publisher= South East Coast Ambulance Service |access-date= 9 January 2021 |archive-date= 10 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201110224056/https://www.secamb.nhs.uk/our-locations/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Healthcare===
[[File:GDplaque.jpg|thumb|upright|Plaque commemorating the Guildford Dispensary, 1859–1866]]
The first medical facility in the town, the Guildford Dispensary, opened in Quarry Street in January 1860.<ref name=Newman_2002_pp135-136>{{harvnb|Newman|2002|pp=135–136}}</ref> Supported by private donations, it provided free medical care to the poor, including a home visiting service and an out-patients clinic.<ref name=Newman_2002_pp135-136/><ref name=Field_2022_pp70-72>{{harvnb|Field|2022|pp=70–72}}</ref> During its first year of operation over a thousand patients were treated, highlighting the urgent need for a public hospital in the area.<ref name=Field_2022_pp70-72/> The dispensary closed in 1866, when the Royal Surrey County Hospital opened on Farnham Road.<ref name=Newman_2002_pp135-136/>

The land for [[Farnham Road Hospital]] was donated by Lord Onslow<ref name=Newman_2002_pp135-136/> and was built as a memorial to [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], who had died in 1861. It opened in 1866 with the name Royal Surrey County Hospital with two wards and 60 beds.<ref name=Field_2022_pp70-72/><ref>{{NHLE|num=1029316|desc=Farnham Road Hospital|grade=II|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> In 1948, it became part of the NHS.<ref name=Newman_2002_pp135-136/> It acquired its current name in 1980.<ref name=Newman_2002_p142>{{harvnb|Newman|2002|p=142}}</ref> In 2022, Farnham Road Hospital is a specialist [[psychiatric hospital|mental health hospital]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nhs.uk/Services/hospitals/Overview/DefaultView.aspx?id=3010 |title= Farnham Road Hospital |publisher= NHS |date= 25 February 2016 |access-date= 29 July 2022 |archive-date= 9 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211009191338/https://www.nhs.uk/Services/hospitals/Overview/DefaultView.aspx?id=3010 |url-status= live }}</ref>

The Guildford Infirmary was built in the grounds of the workhouse in 1896 and was initially run by the Guildford Guardians of the Poor. It was renamed the Warren Road Hospital in 1930, when it was taken over by Surrey County Council.<ref name=Davies_1993_pp30-31>{{harvnb|Davies|1993|pp=30–31}}</ref>{{refn|In 1930, the Warren Road Hospital had 190 beds, including five in a dedicated [[maternity hospital|maternity ward]].<ref name=Davies_1993_pp30-31/>|group=note}} Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, an annexe was built to treat both military and civilian casualties and the hospital became part of the [[Emergency Hospital Service]]. In 1945, it became [[St Luke's Hospital, Guildford|St Luke's Hospital]] and three years later it was incorporated into the [[National Health Service|NHS]].<ref name=Chapman_Davies_2004_pp51-52>{{harvnb|Chapman Davies|2004|pp=51–52}}</ref>{{refn|Shortly after joining the NHS in 1948, St Luke's Hospital had 450 beds.<ref name=Davies_1993_pp30-31/>|group=note}} It ceased to be a general hospital in January 1980, when much of its operations were transferred to the Royal Surrey County Hospital.<ref name=Davies_1993_pp30-31/> St Luke's continued to house a nurses' training facility and to offer outpatients services until 1991. The site finally closed in 1999 and had been redeveloped by 2003.<ref name=Chapman_Davies_2004_pp51-52/>

The current [[Royal Surrey County Hospital]], at Park Barn, opened in stages from January 1980,<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1993|p=25}}</ref> inheriting its name from its predecessor, which continues to operate as the Farnham Road Hospital.<ref name=Newman_2002_p142/>{{refn|The hospital was formally opened by [[Elizabeth II]] on 27 February 1981.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title= Court Circular |date= 27 February 1981 |page= 16 |issue= 60863 }}</ref>|group=note}} The St Luke's Wing opened in February 1997, following the closure of St Luke's Hospital.<ref name=Newman_2002_p142/> The Royal Surrey County Hospital is the nearest hospital to Guildford town centre with an [[Emergency department|Accident and Emergency Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/other-services/UrgentCare/UrgentCareFinder?Location.Id=9117&Location.Name=Guildford%2C%20Surrey%2C%20GU1&Location.County=Surrey&Location.Postcode=GU1%204&Location.Latitude=51.237&Location.Longitude=-0.571&IsAandE=True&IsPharmacy=False&IsUrgentCare=False&IsOpenNow=False&MileValue=10 |title= Urgent care results for Guildford, Surrey, GU1 |author= <!--Not stated--> |publisher= National Health Service |access-date= 21 July 2022 |archive-date= 4 August 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220804212531/https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/other-services/UrgentCare/UrgentCareFinder?Location.Id=9117&Location.Name=Guildford%2C%20Surrey%2C%20GU1&Location.County=Surrey&Location.Postcode=GU1%204&Location.Latitude=51.237&Location.Longitude=-0.571&IsAandE=True&IsPharmacy=False&IsUrgentCare=False&IsOpenNow=False&MileValue=10 |url-status= live }}</ref>