Editing Gout (section)

==History==
[[File:Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Natuurkundige te Delft Rijksmuseum SK-A-957.jpeg|thumb|alt= A man wearing a long, curly wig and a full robe is sitting, looking out. His left arm rests on a small table, with his left hand holding a box. Behind him is a globe.|[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] described the microscopic appearance of uric acid crystals in 1679.<ref name="Pillinger"/>]]

The English term "gout" first occurs in the work of Randolphus of Bocking, around 1200 AD.<ref>{{cite book
 |last1             = Pierre-Jerome
 |first1            = Claude
 |date              = 11 May 2022
 |chapter           = 8.5: Gout and Charcot neuroarthropathy
 |title             = The Essentials of Charcot Neuroarthropathy: Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and MRI Findings
 |url               = https://books.google.com/books?id=24NTEAAAQBAJ
 |publication-place = Amsterdam
 |publisher         = Elsevier
 |page              = 233
 |isbn              = 9780323995788
 |access-date       = 28 April 2024
 |quote             = [...] Randolphus of Bocking [...]  was the first to use the word 'gout' to express the clinical signs of podagra. Bocking was the domestic chaplain to Bishop of Chichester (1197-1258).
 |archive-date      = 28 April 2024
 |archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20240428051919/https://books.google.com/books?id=24NTEAAAQBAJ
 |url-status        = live
}}</ref>
It derives from the Latin word {{lang | la | gutta}}, meaning "a drop" (of liquid).<ref name="Pillinger"/> According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', this originates from [[humorism]] and "the notion of the 'dropping' of a morbid material from the [[Hemarthrosis|blood in and around the joints]]".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/80290 |title= gout, n.1 |website= Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition, 1989 |access-date= 18 September 2011 |archive-date= 8 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200508070657/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=F7E81FB8C2DA5A2C4521515FB61B4533?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F80290 |url-status= live }}</ref>

Gout has been known since antiquity. Historically, wits have referred to it as "the king of diseases and the disease of kings"<ref name=Lancet2010/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/2003/04/01/cx_cd_0401feat.html |title=The Disease Of Kings  |website= Forbes.com |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170901100910/https://www.forbes.com/2003/04/01/cx_cd_0401feat.html |archive-date= 1 September 2017 | quote = It has been referred to, maybe a touch inaccurately, as 'The disease of kings and the king of diseases.'}}</ref> or as "rich man's disease".<ref name=Dic/> The [[Ebers papyrus]] and the [[Edwin Smith papyrus]], ({{circa|1550 BC}}) each mention arthritis of the first metacarpophalangeal joint as a distinct type of arthritis. These ancient manuscripts cite (now missing) Egyptian texts about gout that are claimed to have been written 1,000 years earlier and ascribed to [[Imhotep]].<ref>Schwartz, Stephan A. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6685328_Disease_of_Distinction/link/5b1f73afa6fdcc69745c3abd/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19 "Disease of distinction."] Explore 2, no. 6 (2006): 515–519. - "Both the Ebers and Edwin Smith Papyri describe a condition that is clearly gout.[...] They were written about 1552 BC but contain information taken from texts a thousand years earlier, and ascribed to Imhotep, a kind of ancient world Leonardo da Vinci, and the great overarching figure of Egyptian medicine."</ref> [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] physician [[Hippocrates]] around 400 BC commented on it in his  [[Aphorisms (Hippocrates)|''Aphorisms'']], noting its absence in [[eunuchs]] and [[premenopausal]] women.<ref name="Pillinger">{{cite journal|last=Pillinger |first=MH |author2= Rosenthal P |author3= Abeles AM |title= Hyperuricemia and gout: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment |journal=Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases |volume= 65 |issue= 3 |pages= 215–221 |year= 2007 |url= http://www.nyuhjdbulletin.org/Permalink.aspx?permalinkId=0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669 |pmid= 17922673 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216114246/http://www.nyuhjdbulletin.org/Permalink.aspx?permalinkId=0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669 |archive-date=16 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.6.vi.html |title= The Internet Classics Archive Aphorisms by Hippocrates |access-date=27 July 2010 |website=MIT |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100707154253/http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.6.vi.html |archive-date= 7 July 2010 }}</ref> [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] (30 AD) described the linkage with alcohol, later onset in women and associated kidney problems:
{{blockquote|Again thick urine, the sediment from which is white, indicates that pain and disease are to be apprehended in the region of joints or viscera... Joint troubles in the hands and feet are very frequent and persistent, such as occur in cases of podagra and cheiragra. These seldom attack [[eunuch]]s or boys before coition with a woman, or women except those in whom the menses have become suppressed... some have obtained lifelong security by refraining from [[wine]], [[mead]] and [[wikt:venery#Etymology 2|venery]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/4*.html |title= On Medicine |first= A. Cornelius |last= Celsus |at= Book IV |website= University of Chicago |access-date= 19 February 2021 |archive-date= 10 July 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240710063618/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/4%2A.html |url-status= live }}</ref>}}

Benjamin Welles, an English physician, authored the first medical book on gout, ''A Treatise of the Gout, or Joint Evil'', in 1669.<ref>{{cite book|last= Copeman |first= W.S.C.|title= A Short History of the Gout and the Rheumatic Diseases|date= 2021|publisher= University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-33947-7|page=68}}</ref> In 1683, [[Thomas Sydenham]], an English physician, described its occurrence in the early hours of the morning and its predilection for older males:
{{blockquote|Gouty patients are, generally, either old men or men who have so worn themselves out in youth as to have brought on a premature old age—of such dissolute habits none being more common than the premature and excessive indulgence in venery and the like exhausting passions. The victim goes to bed and sleeps in good health. About two o'clock in the morning he is awakened by a severe pain in the great toe; more rarely in the heel, ankle, or instep. The pain is like that of a dislocation and yet parts feel as if cold water were poured over them. Then follows chills and shivers and a little fever... The night is passed in torture, sleeplessness, turning the part affected and perpetual change of posture; the tossing about of body being as incessant as the pain of the tortured joint and being worse as the fit comes on.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A11102491 |title= Gout – The Affliction of Kings |website= h2g2 |publisher= BBC |date= December 23, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100911065930/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A11102491 |archive-date= September 11, 2010 }}</ref>}}

In the 18th century, [[Thomas Marryat]] distinguished different manifestations of gout:
<blockquote>
The Gout is a chronical disease most commonly affecting the feet. If it attacks the knees, it is called {{linktext|Gonagra}}; if the hands, {{linktext|Chiragra}}; if the elbow, Onagra; if the shoulder, {{linktext|Omagra}}; if the back or loins, [[Lumbago]].<ref>{{cite book
 |last1             = Marryat
 |first1            = Thomas
 |author-link1      = Thomas Marryat
 |year              = 1798
 |orig-date         = 1758
 |title             = Therapeutics: Or, the Art of Healing: To which is Added, a Glossary of the Most Difficult Words
 |url               = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfg2AQAAMAAJ
 |edition           = 14
 |publication-place = Bristol
 |publisher         = R. Edwards
 |page              = 168
 |access-date       = 28 April 2024
 |archive-date      = 28 April 2024
 |archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20240428051831/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xfg2AQAAMAAJ
 |url-status        = live
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Dutch scientist [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] first described the microscopic appearance of urate crystals in 1679.<ref name="Pillinger"/> In 1848, English physician [[Alfred Baring Garrod]] identified excess uric acid in the blood as the cause of gout.<ref name="pmid11600751">{{cite journal | author= Storey GD |title= Alfred Baring Garrod (1819–1907) |journal=Rheumatology |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=1189–1190 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11600751 | doi= 10.1093/rheumatology/40.10.1189 |doi-access=free}}
</ref>