Editing Foreign relations of Taiwan (section)

===Cross-strait relations===
{{Main|Cross-strait relations}}

[[File:2015 Ma–Xi Meeting 08.jpg|thumb|[[First Ma–Xi meeting|Ma–Xi meeting]] in 2015]]

The [[Double Tenth Agreement]] signed on 10 October 1945 is the only legal document between the two parties. The following [[Political Consultative Conference (Republic of China)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=3783 |script-title=zh:{中華百科全書•典藏版} |website=Ap6.pccu.edu.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711010341/https://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=3783 |archive-date=11 July 2015  |title= }}</ref> was engulfed by [[Cold War]] history and the American foreign policy of [[containment]] in East Asia after the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8Jf32GR7t3IC|page=217}} |title=Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created The American World |author=James Chace |page=217 |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> Before the Korean War broke out, the US was preparing for a coup d'état in mid-1950 to replace [[Chiang Kai-shek]] with [[Hu Shih]] and [[Sun Li-jen]] and neutralize the ROC's legal status under [[UN Trusteeship]] to block any legal claim of the PRC on Taiwan, as proposed by [[United States Department of State]] official [[Dean Rusk]].<ref>{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=vz42rDYmf3wC|page=423}} |title=Blacklisted by History|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DNqasVI-gWMC|page=110}} |title=Taiwan|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FRY0v7AH2ngC|page=326}} |title=Madame Chiang Kai-shek|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> The [[Formosa Resolution of 1955]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal71-1253311 |title=CQ Almanac Online Edition |website=Library.cqpress.com |access-date=22 December 2016 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> was passed unanimously by the [[United States Congress]]. Resolving the cross-strait relationship required both sides to rethink definitions of basic concepts such as sovereignty, "one China" and unification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/CRSO/CRSO2014.pdf |title=CSCAP : Regional Security Outlook |website=Cscap.org |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211436/http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/CRSO/CRSO2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The two [[polities]] of ''accession''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4|title=UNTC|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=19 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519165249/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4|url-status=dead}}</ref> resulted in the PRC's [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]], the lifting of its [[Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion|martial law]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/15/world/taiwan-ends-4-decades-of-martial-law.html|title=Taiwan Ends 4 Decades of Martial Law|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 July 1987|archive-date=8 February 2023|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208221908/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/15/world/taiwan-ends-4-decades-of-martial-law.html|url-status=live}}</ref> on PRC territory, and more recently the enactment of the PRC's [[Anti-Secession Law]] towards the ROC. The two sides have no cross-strait military confidence-building measures (CBM) "to improve military-to-military relations in ways that reduce fears of attack and the potential for military miscalculation".<ref>{{cite web|author=Bonnie S. Glaser|url=http://csis.org/files/publication/100107_Glaser_BuildingTrust_Web.pdf|title=Building Trust Across the Taiwan Strait|date=January 2010|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=8 June 2013|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622190306/http://csis.org/files/publication/100107_Glaser_BuildingTrust_Web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Joseph Cirincione|url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No10.pdf |title=No. 10: A Global Assessment of Nuclear Proliferation Threats |publisher=[[Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission]]|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013143858/http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No10.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2013  |author-link=Joseph Cirincione }}</ref> Nuclear tensions have risen since the PRC promulgated the Anti-Secession Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2718.html|title=Association for Asia Research- Chinese military threatens nuclear war against the United States over Taiwan|work=Chinascope|date=20 September 2005|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175336/http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2718.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/28cfe55a-f4a7-11d9-9dd1-00000e2511c8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/28cfe55a-f4a7-11d9-9dd1-00000e2511c8.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Top Chinese general warns US over attack|work=Financial Times|access-date=21 February 2015|date=14 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Charles Glaser|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67479/charles-glaser/will-chinas-rise-lead-to-war|title=Will China's Rise Lead to War?|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=March–April 2011|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120104/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67479/charles-glaser/will-chinas-rise-lead-to-war|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/15/international/asia/15china.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 July 2005|author=Joseph Kahn|title=Chinese General Threatens Use of A-Bombs if U.S. Intrudes|archive-date=11 May 2015|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511185847/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/15/international/asia/15china.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The government position that both Taiwan and mainland China are parts of the same state is not universally accepted among the people of Taiwan. In particular, the pro-independence [[Pan-Green Coalition]] considers Taiwan and China to be different countries. By contrast, the [[Chinese unification|pro-unification]] [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] take the view that both Taiwan and mainland China are parts of the ROC. Former president [[Lee Tung-hui]] described these relations as "[[Special state-to-state relations]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023430/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_/ai_62170616Taiwan "Taiwan won't broach state-to-state concept again"]. "The press reports quoted Taiwan's incoming top China policy-maker Tsai Ing-wen as saying Thursday that the special state-to-state label was an adequate description of Taiwan's current ties with China."  "'The two-states theory is a good thing. It is a way to describe the current (cross-strait) situation,'" "Tsai said on local television. 'We can refrain from using it as a description, although we cannot deny the existence of the situation described by it,' Tsai said on local television."</ref> The Chen administrations described Taiwan and China by saying "[[one country on each side|...with Taiwan and China on each side of the Taiwan Strait, each side is a country.]]". Former President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] returned to the government position of the early 1990s, calling relations with Beijing [[special non-state-to-state relations|special relations between two areas within one state]]. That state, according to Taiwan is the ROC, and due to constitutional reasons, neither Taipei nor Beijing recognises each other as a legitimate government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview|newspaper=Taipei Times|date=8 October 2008|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|archive-date=3 June 2009|access-date=8 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213128/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:馬總統: 兩岸關係是現實關係 |trans-title=President Ma: Cross-strait relations are relations based on current reality|publisher=Central News Agency of the Republic of China|date=8 October 2008|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/CNA/TodayTopicNews/TodayTopicNews.aspx?NewsID=200810070260|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212234058/http://www.cna.com.tw/CNA/TodayTopicNews/TodayTopicNews.aspx?NewsID=200810070260|archive-date=12 February 2009|title= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:馬: 大陸是中華民國領土 |trans-title=Ma: the mainland is the territory of the Republic of China|work=Liberty Times|date=8 October 2008|url=https://www.libertytimes.com/2008/new/oct/8/today-fo3.htm|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010072015/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/oct/8/today-fo3.htm|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

The term preferred by Taiwanese and Chinese governments is "[[cross-strait relations]]", referring to the geographical separator, the [[Taiwan Strait]]. The constitutional position of Taipei is that the territory of the ROC is divided into the "Mainland Area" and the "[[free area of the republic of china|Free Area]]" (also known as "Taiwan Area"). Administratively, cross-strait relations are not conducted by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] of Taiwan, but by the [[Mainland Affairs Council]], an instrument of the [[Executive Yuan]]. The relations with Hong Kong and [[Macau]] are also conducted by the Mainland Affairs Council, although not all regulations applicable to mainland China automatically apply to those territories.

Taiwanese and Chinese governments do not directly interact. Talks are conducted by China's [[Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits]] (ARATS) and Taiwan's [[Straits Exchange Foundation]] (SEF), privately constituted bodies that are controlled and directly answerable to the executive branches of their respective governments.

Until the late 1990s, Hong Kong and Macau were [[British Hong Kong|British]] and [[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese]] colonies respectively. They provided neutral detour points for people and goods crossing the strait. They and Singapore served as venues for talks between the two sides at that time. One ''[[modus vivendi]]'' outcome of such talks was the [[1992 Consensus]], arising from a 1992 meeting in Hong Kong. Under this consensus, the two sides agree that both Taiwan and mainland China are under the same single sovereignty of China, but the two sides agree to disagree on which side is the legitimate representative of that sovereignty. Setting aside that disagreement, the two sides agreed to co-operate on practical matters, such as recognising certifications authenticated by the other side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=113&anum=9607 |title=Kuomintang News Network |publisher=Kmt.org.tw |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419103952/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=113&anum=9607 |archive-date=19 April 2012}}</ref>

Relations between Taipei and Beijing warmed during the Ma government with the promotion of cross-strait links and increased economic and social interchanges between the two sides, but the [[2014 Taiwan local elections|2014 local elections]] cooled them again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/Staff%20Report_Taiwan%27s%20Local%20Elections--Implications%20for%20Cross-Strait%20Relations%20_12%2030%202014.pdf |title=Taiwan's 2014 Local Elections: Implications for Cross-Strait Relations |website=Origin.www.uscc.gov |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224103514/http://origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/Staff%20Report_Taiwan%27s%20Local%20Elections--Implications%20for%20Cross-Strait%20Relations%20_12%2030%202014.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> A [[2014 Wang-Zhang Meeting|high-level meeting]] was held on 11 February 2014 in [[Nanjing]] that marked the first time China recognised Taiwan's top government officials on matters across the Taiwan Strait.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648?KEYWORDS=taiwan&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648.html%3FKEYWORDS%3Dtaiwan|title=Taiwan, China Talks End Cordially|author=Jenny W. Hsu|date=26 February 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023431/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648?KEYWORDS=taiwan&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648.html%3FKEYWORDS%3Dtaiwan|url-status=live}}</ref> The thawed tensions were not welcomed by the Pan-Green Coalition for the [[Taiwan independence]] movement after the [[2000 Republic of China presidential election|2000 presidential election]] and to the ''[[ex injuria jus non oritur]]'' basis<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unterm.un.org/DGAACS/unterm.nsf/8fa942046ff7601c85256983007ca4d8/c40ed8ccd326321a85256a0000075d40?OpenDocument |title=ex injuria jus non-oritur |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227171130/http://unterm.un.org/DGAACS/unterm.nsf/8fa942046ff7601c85256983007ca4d8/c40ed8ccd326321a85256a0000075d40?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> of the Anti-Secession Law. A [[First Ma–Xi meeting|meeting]] was held on 7 November 2015 between presidents Xi and Ma to affirm the [[1992 Consensus]] before the ROC [[2016 Taiwan general election|2016 general election]] and in the midst of US Navy tests of area sea claims.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lubold |first=Gordon |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-says-it-warned-u-s-warship-in-south-china-sea-1445928223 |title=U.S. Navy Tests China Over Sea Claims |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115174326/http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-says-it-warned-u-s-warship-in-south-china-sea-1445928223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the election, Beijing cut off contact with the main Taiwan liaison body because of President [[Tsai Ing-wen]]'s refusal to endorse the concept of a single Chinese nation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bodeen |first=Christopher |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a9482a5d03d14ab3a134bff857eaaf4b/beijing-cuts-contacts-between-china-taiwan-liaison-bodies |title=China cuts contact with Taiwan liaison body over Tsai |agency=Associated Press |date=25 June 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918224507/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a9482a5d03d14ab3a134bff857eaaf4b/beijing-cuts-contacts-between-china-taiwan-liaison-bodies |url-status=dead }}</ref>