Editing Endosymbiont (section)

==== Archaea endosymbionts ====
[[Archaea]] are members of most [[microbiome]]s. While archaea are abundant in extreme environments, they are less abundant and diverse in association with eukaryotic hosts. Nevertheless, archaea are a substantial constituent of plant-associated ecosystems in the aboveground and belowground phytobiome, and play a role in host plant's health, growth and survival amid biotic and abiotic stresses. However, few studies have investigated the role of archaea in plant health and its symbiotic relationships.<ref name="Jung-2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jung J, Kim JS, Taffner J, Berg G, Ryu CM |title=Archaea, tiny helpers of land plants |journal=Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal |volume=18 |pages=2494–2500 |date=2020-01-01 |pmid=33005311 |pmc=7516179 |doi=10.1016/j.csbj.2020.09.005 }}</ref> Most plant endosymbiosis studies focus on fungal or bacteria using [[metagenomic]] approaches.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Taffner J, Cernava T, Erlacher A, Berg G |title=Novel insights into plant-associated archaea and their functioning in arugula (''Eruca sativa'' Mill.) |journal=Journal of Advanced Research |volume=19 |pages=39–48 |date=September 2019 |pmid=31341668 |pmc=6629838 |doi=10.1016/j.jare.2019.04.008 |series=Special Issue on Plant Microbiome |s2cid=155746848 }}</ref>

The characterization of archaea includes crop plants such as [[rice]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ma M, Du H, Sun T, An S, Yang G, Wang D |title=Characteristics of archaea and bacteria in rice rhizosphere along a mercury gradient |journal=The Science of the Total Environment |volume=650 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=1640–1651 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30054090 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.175 |bibcode=2019ScTEn.650.1640M |s2cid=51727014 }}</ref> and [[maize]], but also aquatic plants.<ref name="Jung-2020" /> The abundance of archaea varies by tissue type; for example archaea are more abundant in the [[rhizosphere]] than the [[phyllosphere]] and [[endosphere]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Knief C, Delmotte N, Chaffron S, Stark M, Innerebner G, Wassmann R, von Mering C, Vorholt JA |display-authors=6 |title=Metaproteogenomic analysis of microbial communities in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of rice |journal=The ISME Journal |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1378–1390 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22189496 |pmc=3379629 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2011.192 |bibcode=2012ISMEJ...6.1378K }}</ref> This archaeal abundance is associated with plant species type, environment and the plant's developmental stage.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Moissl-Eichinger C, Pausan M, Taffner J, Berg G, Bang C, Schmitz RA |title=Archaea Are Interactive Components of Complex Microbiomes |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=70–85 |date=January 2018 |pmid=28826642 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2017.07.004 }}</ref> In a study on plant [[genotype]]-specific archaeal and bacterial endophytes, 35% of archaeal sequences were detected in overall sequences (achieved using [[amplicon sequencing]] and verified by [[Real-time polymerase chain reaction|real time-PCR]]). The archaeal sequences belong to the phyla ''[[Thaumarchaeota]]'', ''[[Crenarchaeota]],'' and ''[[Euryarchaeota]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Müller H, Berg C, Landa BB, Auerbach A, Moissl-Eichinger C, Berg G |title=Plant genotype-specific archaeal and bacterial endophytes but similar Bacillus antagonists colonize Mediterranean olive trees |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=6 |pages=138 |date=2015 |pmid=25784898 |pmc=4347506 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2015.00138 |doi-access=free }}</ref>