Editing Dinoflagellate (section)

===Introduction===
Dinoflagellates have a [[Biological life cycle#Haplontic life cycle|haplontic life cycle]], with the possible exception of ''[[Noctiluca]]'' and its relatives.<ref name="Fens1993"/> 
The life cycle usually involves asexual reproduction by means of mitosis, either through [[desmoschisis]] or [[eleuteroschisis]]. More complex life cycles occur, more particularly with parasitic dinoflagellates. Sexual reproduction also occurs,<ref name=Stosch1973>{{cite journal |author=von Stosch HA |title=Observations on vegetative reproduction and sexual life cycles of two freshwater dinoflagellates, ''Gymnodinium pseudopalustre'' Schiller and ''Woloszynskia apiculata'' sp. nov. |journal=British Phycological Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=105–34 |year=1973 |doi=10.1080/00071617300650141 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tejp19/8/2 |access-date=2014-05-13 |archive-date=2019-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005725/https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tejp19/8/2 |url-status=live }}</ref> though this mode of reproduction is only known in a small percentage of dinoflagellates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pfiester |last2=Anderson |chapter=Ch. 14 |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=F.J.R. |title=The Biology of dinoflagellates |publisher=Blackwell Scientific |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-6320-0915-2 |volume=21 |series=Botanical monographs |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofdinofla0000unse |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofdinofla0000unse }}</ref> This takes place by fusion of two individuals to form a [[zygote]], which may remain mobile in typical dinoflagellate fashion and is then called a planozygote. This zygote may later form a resting stage or [[hypnozygote]], which is called a [[dinoflagellate cyst]] or [[dinocyst]]. After (or before) germination of the cyst, the hatchling undergoes [[meiosis]] to produce new [[haploid cell]]s. Dinoflagellates appear to be capable of carrying out several [[DNA repair]] processes that can deal with different types of [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damage]].<ref name="pmid31284474">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li C, Wong JT | title = DNA Damage Response Pathways in Dinoflagellates | journal = Microorganisms | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | page = 191 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 31284474 | pmc = 6680887 | doi = 10.3390/microorganisms7070191 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[File:Dinoflagellata Life Cycle.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Dinoflagellata life cycle: 1-mitosis, 2-sexual reproduction, 3-planozygote, 4-hypnozygote, 5-planomeiocyte]]

[[File:Life cycle of dinoflagellates.webp|thumb|upright=2.0|right| {{center|The life cycle of dinoflagellates, including possible described transitions{{hsp}}<ref name=Bravo2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bravo I, Figueroa RI | title = Towards an Ecological Understanding of Dinoflagellate Cyst Functions | journal = Microorganisms | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–32 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 27694774 | pmc = 5029505 | doi = 10.3390/microorganisms2010011 | doi-access = free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223101209/http://creativecommons.org//licenses//by//3.0// |date=2011-02-23 }}.</ref>}}]]

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