Editing Dell (section)

==Dell facilities==
Dell's headquarters is located in [[Round Rock, Texas]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> {{as of|2013}} the company employed about 14,000 people in central Texas and was the region's largest private employer,<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> which has {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} of space.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[New Mexico Business Weekly]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> As of 1999 almost half of the general fund of the city of Round Rock originated from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref>

Dell previously had its headquarters in the [[Arboretum]] complex in northern Austin, Texas.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[PC Magazine]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> In 1989 Dell occupied {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} in the Arboretum complex.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters.<ref name="PopeDis"/> In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled "Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design." Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum. The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room. Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref>

[[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|The company sponsors [[Dell Diamond]], the home stadium of the [[Round Rock Express]], the AAA [[minor league baseball]] affiliate of the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] major league baseball team.]]
By 1996, Dell was moving its headquarters to Round Rock.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> As of January 1996, 3,500 people still worked at the current Dell headquarters. One building of the Round Rock headquarters, Round Rock 3, had space for 6,400 employees and was scheduled to be completed in November 1996.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> In 1998 Dell announced that it was going to add two buildings to its Round Rock complex, adding {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} of office space to the complex.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref>

In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} of space in the [[Las Cimas]] office complex in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Travis County, Texas]], between Austin and [[West Lake Hills]], to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters. 100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along [[Loop 360]]. Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions. Dell also had an option for {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} of space in Las Cimas 3.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[Austin Business Journal]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock. It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}, for about a seven-year period after 2003. By that year roughly {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} of that space was absorbed by new subtenants.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[Austin Business Journal]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref>

In 2008, Dell switched the power sources of the Round Rock headquarters to more environmentally friendly ones, with 60% of the total power coming from [[TXU Energy]] wind farms and 40% coming from the Austin Community Landfill gas-to-energy plant operated by [[Waste Management, Inc.]]<ref name="GreenHQ"/>

Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin, Texas; [[Nashua, New Hampshire]]; [[Nashville, Tennessee]]; [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma; [[Peoria, Illinois]]; [[Hillsboro, Oregon]] (Portland area); [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]]; [[Eden Prairie, Minnesota]] ([[Compellent|Dell Compellent]]); [[Bowling Green, Kentucky]]; [[Lincoln, Nebraska]]; and Miami, Florida. Facilities located abroad include [[Penang, Malaysia]]; [[Xiamen]], China; [[Bracknell]], UK; [[Manila, Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.ap.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/careers/locations/default?c=in&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Locations Corporate Web Site |publisher=.ap.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821060936/http://www1.ap.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/careers/locations/default?c=in&l=en&s=corp |archive-date=August 21, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Chennai, India]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetindia.co.in/ART_8800474316_1800007_NT_e19571eb.HTM |title=EET India article on Dell |publisher=Eetindia.co.in |access-date=November 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709192722/http://www.eetindia.co.in/ART_8800474316_1800007_NT_e19571eb.HTM |archive-date=July 9, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India]]; [[Noida, India]]; [[Hortolândia]] and [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil; [[Bratislava]], Slovakia; [[Łódź|Łódź, Poland]];<ref>{{cite news
 | url        = https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/10/billionaires-2009-richest-people_Michael-Dell_WJOB.html
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314034601/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/10/billionaires-2009-richest-people_Michael-Dell_WJOB.html
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = March 14, 2009
 | title      = #25 Michael Dell
 | work       = The World's Billionaires 2009
 | access-date = October 21, 2009
| quote      = [Michael Dell] caused ire in Ireland after relocating factory to cheaper Poland.
 | date       = March 11, 2009}}</ref> Panama City, [[Panama]]; [[Dublin]] and [[Limerick]], Ireland; [[Casablanca]], Morocco and Montpellier, France.

The US and India are the only countries that have all Dell's business functions and provide support globally: research and development, manufacturing, finance, analysis, and customer care.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Dell was recognized as "India's Most Desired Brand in 2023", as per TRA's Most Desired Brands report 2023.

===Manufacturing===
From its early beginnings, Dell operated as a pioneer in the "configure to order" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. In contrast, most PC manufacturers in those times delivered large orders to intermediaries on a quarterly basis.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref>

To minimize the delay between purchase and delivery, Dell has a general policy of manufacturing its products close to its customers. This also allows for implementing a [[just-in-time (business)|just-in-time]] (JIT) manufacturing approach, which minimizes [[inventory]] costs. Low inventory is another signature of the Dell business model—a critical consideration in an industry where components depreciate very rapidly.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref>

Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including "burn-in"), and quality control. Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out the manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, "We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships." ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported in September 2008 that "Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell" their plants.<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities.<ref name="statesman1"/>

Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas, (original location) and [[Lebanon, Tennessee]], (opened in 1999), which were closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]], opened in 2005 but ceased operations in November 2010.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's US plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The [[Miami, Florida]], facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas.<ref name="statesman1" />

Dell assembled computers for the [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|EMEA]] market at the [[Limerick]] facility in the Republic of Ireland, and once employed about 4,500 people in that country. Dell began manufacturing in Limerick in 1991 and went on to become Ireland's largest exporter of goods and its second-largest company and foreign investor. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell's new plant in the Polish city of [[Łódź]] by January 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[European Union]] officials said they would investigate a €52.7million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> European Manufacturing Facility 1 (EMF1, opened in 1990) and EMF3 form part of the [[Raheen Industrial Estate]] near Limerick. EMF2 (previously a [[Wang Laboratories|Wang]] facility, later occupied by [[Flextronics]], situated in Castletroy) closed in 2002,{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} and Dell Inc. has consolidated production into EMF3 (EMF1 now{{When|date=January 2010}} contains only offices).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Subsidies from the Polish government did keep Dell for a long time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> After ending assembly in the Limerick plant the [[Cherrywood, Dublin|Cherrywood]] Technology Campus in Dublin was the largest Dell office in the republic with over 1200 people in sales (mainly UK & Ireland), support (enterprise support for EMEA) and research and development for cloud computing, but no more manufacturing except<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> Dell's Alienware subsidiary, which manufactures PCs in an Athlone, Ireland, plant. Whether this facility will remain in Ireland is not certain.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> Dell started production at EMF4 in Łódź, Poland, in late 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref>

Dell moved desktop, notebook and PowerEdge server manufacturing for the South American market from the [[Eldorado do Sul, Brazil|Eldorado do Sul]] plant opened in 1999, to a new plant in [[Hortolândia|Hortolândia, Brazil]], in 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref>