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====Penal code of Charles V==== In 1532, Holy Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] promulgated his penal code [[Constitutio Criminalis Carolina]]. A number of crimes were punishable with death by burning, such as coin [[forgery]], [[arson]], and sexual acts "contrary to nature".<ref>specified as men or women found guilty of same-sex sexual behaviour or guilty of having had sex with animals.</ref> Also, those guilty of aggravated theft of sacred objects from a church could be condemned to be burnt alive.<ref>As late as in 1730 [[Poznaล|Posen]], a church robber had his right hand cut off, and the stump covered in pitch. Then, the pitch was ignited, and the person was burnt alive on a pyre as well. ''Oehlschlaeger'' (1866), [https://books.google.com/books?id=F41aAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA55 p. 55]</ref> Only those found guilty of ''malevolent'' witchcraft<ref>No fixed penalty was placed on performing acts of witchcraft that had caused no harm</ref> could be punished by death by fire.<ref>All in ''Koch'' (1824) '''Coin forgers''': [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q_o6AAAAcAAJ/page/n125 <!-- pg=52 --> Article 111, p. 52], '''Malevolent witchcraft''': [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q_o6AAAAcAAJ/page/n68 <!-- pg=55 --> Article 109, p. 55] '''Sexual acts contrary to nature''':[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q_o6AAAAcAAJ/page/n61 <!-- pg=58 --> Article 116, p. 58], '''Arson''':[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q_o6AAAAcAAJ/page/n64 <!-- pg=61 --> Article 125, p. 61], '''Theft of sacred objects''': [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q_o6AAAAcAAJ/page/n157 <!-- pg=84 --> Article 172, p. 84]</ref>
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