Editing Corticosteroid (section)

==History==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Introduction of early corticosteroids<ref name="pmid16178782">{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan MO, Park KK, Lee HJ | title = Antedrugs: an approach to safer drugs | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 12 | issue = 19 | pages = 2227–2239 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16178782 | doi = 10.2174/0929867054864840 }}</ref><ref name="pmid13875857">{{cite journal | vauthors = Calvert DN | title = Anti-inflammatory steroids | journal = Wisconsin Medical Journal | volume = 61 | pages = 403–404 | date = August 1962 | pmid = 13875857 }}</ref><ref name="Conde-Taboada2012">{{cite book|author=Alberto Conde-Taboada|title=Dermatological Treatments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZDuAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2012|publisher=Bentham Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-60805-234-9|pages=35–36}}</ref>
|-
! Corticosteroid !! Introduced
|-
| [[Cortisone]] || 1948
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| [[Hydrocortisone]] || 1951
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| [[Fludrocortisone acetate]] || 1954<ref name="Publishing2013">{{cite book|author=William Andrew Publishing|title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1642|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3|pages=1642–1643}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prednisolone]] || 1955
|-
| [[Prednisone]] || 1955<ref name="KimRoh2016">{{cite book| vauthors = Kim KW, Roh JK, Wee HJ, Kim C |title=Cancer Drug Discovery: Science and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BR9_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|date=14 November 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-024-0844-7|pages=169–}}</ref>
|-
| [[Methylprednisolone]] || 1956
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| [[Triamcinolone]] || 1956
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| [[Dexamethasone]] || 1958
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| [[Betamethasone]] || 1958
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| [[Triamcinolone acetonide]] || 1958
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| [[Fluorometholone]] || 1959
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| [[Deflazacort]] || 1969<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Deflazacort versus other glucocorticoids: A comparison|first1=Surajit|last1=Nayak|first2=Basanti|last2=Acharjya|date=December 19, 2008|journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology|volume=53|issue=4|pages=167–170|doi=10.4103/0019-5154.44786|pmid=19882026|pmc=2763756 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|}

[[Tadeusz Reichstein]], [[Edward Calvin Kendall]], and [[Philip Showalter Hench]] were awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for [[Physiology]] and [[Medicine]] in 1950 for their work on hormones of the adrenal cortex, which culminated in the isolation of [[cortisone]].<ref name="pmid24540604">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kendall EC | title = The development of cortisone as a therapeutic agent | journal = Antibiotics & Chemotherapy (Northfield, Ill.) | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–15 | date = April 1951 | pmid = 24540604 | doi = | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/kendall-lecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415234708/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/kendall-lecture.pdf | archive-date = 15 April 2017 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

Initially hailed as a [[miracle]] cure and liberally prescribed during the 1950s, steroid treatment brought about [[adverse events]] of such a magnitude that the next major category of anti-inflammatory drugs, the [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs), was so named in order to demarcate from the opprobrium.<ref name="Buer_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Buer JK | title = Origins and impact of the term 'NSAID' | journal = Inflammopharmacology | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 263–267 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25064056 | doi = 10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 16777111 | hdl = 10852/45403 }}</ref>

[[Lewis Sarett]] of [[Merck & Co.]] was the first to synthesize cortisone, using a 36-step process that started with deoxycholic acid, which was extracted from [[ox]] [[bile]].<ref>{{cite patent | inventor = Sarett LH | gdate = 1947 | title = Process of Treating Pregnene Compounds | country = US | number = 2462133 }}</ref> The low efficiency of converting deoxycholic acid into cortisone led to a cost of US$200 per gram in 1947. [[Russell Marker]], at [[Syntex]], discovered a much cheaper and more convenient starting material, [[diosgenin]] from wild [[Mexican yam]]s. His conversion of diosgenin into [[progesterone]] by a four-step process now known as [[Marker degradation]] was an important step in mass production of all steroidal hormones, including cortisone and chemicals used in [[hormonal contraception]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marker RE, Wagner RB | title = Steroidal sapogenins | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 69 | issue = 9 | pages = 2167–2230 | date = September 1947 | pmid = 20262743 | doi = 10.1021/ja01201a032 | bibcode = 1947JAChS..69.2167M }}</ref>

In 1952, D.H. Peterson and H.C. Murray of [[Upjohn]] developed a process that used ''[[Rhizopus]]'' mold to oxidize progesterone into a compound that was readily converted to cortisone.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterson DH, Murray HC |title=Microbiological Oxygenation of Steroids at Carbon 11 |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=74 |issue=7 |pages=1871–2 |year=1952 |doi=10.1021/ja01127a531 |bibcode=1952JAChS..74.1871P }}</ref> The ability to cheaply synthesize large quantities of cortisone from the diosgenin in yams resulted in a rapid drop in price to US$6 per gram{{when|date=August 2023}}, falling to $0.46 per gram by 1980. [[Percy Lavon Julian|Percy Julian's]] research also aided progress in the field.<ref>{{cite patent | inventor = Julian L, Cole JW, Meyer EW, Karpel WJ | gdate = 1956 | title = Preparation of Cortisone | country = US | number = 2752339 }}</ref> The exact nature of cortisone's anti-inflammatory action remained a mystery for years after, however, until the [[leukocyte adhesion cascade]] and the role of [[phospholipase A2]] in the production of [[prostaglandin]]s and [[leukotriene]]s was fully understood in the early 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Corticosteroids were voted [[Allergen of the Year]] in 2005 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society.<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-06-13 |title=Contact Allergen of the Year: Corticosteroids: Introduction |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/505245 |access-date=2012-11-30 |publisher=Medscape.com}}</ref>