Editing Coriolis force (section)

==In other areas==

===Coriolis flow meter===
A practical application of the Coriolis effect is the [[mass flow meter]], an instrument that measures the [[mass flow rate]] and [[density]] of a fluid flowing through a tube. The operating principle involves inducing a vibration of the tube through which the fluid passes. The vibration, though not completely circular, provides the rotating reference frame that gives rise to the Coriolis effect. While specific methods vary according to the design of the flow meter, sensors monitor and analyze changes in frequency, phase shift, and amplitude of the vibrating flow tubes. The changes observed represent the mass flow rate and density of the fluid.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Omega Engineering|url=http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume4/t9904-10-mass.html|title=Mass Flowmeters}}</ref>

===Molecular physics===
In polyatomic molecules, the molecule motion can be described by a rigid body rotation and internal vibration of atoms about their equilibrium position. As a result of the vibrations of the atoms, the atoms are in motion relative to the rotating coordinate system of the molecule. Coriolis effects are therefore present, and make the atoms move in a direction perpendicular to the original oscillations. This leads to a mixing in molecular spectra between the rotational and vibrational [[energy level|levels]], from which Coriolis coupling constants can be determined.<ref>{{cite book |last1=califano |first1=S |title=Vibrational states |year=1976|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0471129967|pages=226–227}}</ref>

===Gyroscopic precession===
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When an external torque is applied to a spinning gyroscope along an axis that is at right angles to the spin axis, the rim velocity that is associated with the spin becomes radially directed in relation to the external torque axis. This causes a ''torque-induced'' force to act on the rim in such a way as to tilt the gyroscope at right angles to the direction that the external torque would have tilted it. This tendency has the effect of keeping spinning bodies in their rotational frame.

=== Insect flight ===
Flies ([[Diptera]]) and some moths ([[Lepidoptera]]) exploit the Coriolis effect in flight with specialized appendages and organs that relay information about the [[angular velocity]] of their bodies. Coriolis forces resulting from linear motion of these appendages are detected within the rotating frame of reference of the insects' bodies. In the case of flies, their specialized appendages are dumbbell shaped organs located just behind their wings called "[[halteres]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fraenkel|first1=G.|last2=Pringle|first2=W.S.|title=Halteres of Flies as Gyroscopic Organs of Equilibrium|journal=Nature|date=21 May 1938|issue=3577|pages=919–920|doi=10.1038/141919a0|volume=141|bibcode = 1938Natur.141..919F |s2cid=4100772}}</ref>

The fly's halteres oscillate in a plane at the same beat frequency as the main wings so that any body rotation results in lateral deviation of the halteres from their plane of motion.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dickinson|first1=M.|title=Haltere-mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.|year=1999|issue=1385|pages=903–916|pmc=1692594|pmid=10382224|doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0442|volume=354}}</ref>

In moths, their antennae are known to be responsible for the ''sensing'' of Coriolis forces in the similar manner as with the halteres in flies.<ref name="Sane S., Dieudonné, A., Willis, M., Daniel, T.date = February 2007">{{Cite journal|title = Antennal mechanosensors mediate flight control in moths|last = Sane S., Dieudonné, A., Willis, M., Daniel, T.|date = February 2007|journal = Science|doi = 10.1126/science.1133598|volume = 315|issue = 5813|pages = 863–866|bibcode = 2007Sci...315..863S|pmid = 17290001|url = http://www.hep.princeton.edu/%7Emcdonald/examples/mechanics/sane_science_315_863_07.pdf|citeseerx = 10.1.1.205.7318|s2cid = 2429129|access-date = 1 December 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070622084447/http://www.hep.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/examples/mechanics/sane_science_315_863_07.pdf|archive-date = 22 June 2007|url-status = dead}}</ref> In both flies and moths, a collection of mechanosensors at the base of the appendage are sensitive to deviations at the beat frequency, correlating to rotation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Principal axes|pitch and roll]] planes, and at twice the beat frequency, correlating to rotation in the [[yaw (rotation)|yaw]] plane.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=J|last2=Daniel|first2=T|title=A neural basis for gyroscopic force measurement in the halteres of Holorusia|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology|year=2008|volume=194|issue=10|pages=887–897|doi=10.1007/s00359-008-0361-z|pmid=18751714|s2cid=15260624}}</ref><ref name="Sane S., Dieudonné, A., Willis, M., Daniel, T.date = February 2007" />

===Lagrangian point stability===
In astronomy, [[Lagrangian point]]s are five positions in the orbital plane of two large orbiting bodies where a small object affected only by gravity can maintain a stable position relative to the two large bodies. The first three Lagrangian points (L<sub>1</sub>, L<sub>2</sub>, L<sub>3</sub>) lie along the line connecting the two large bodies, while the last two points (L<sub>4</sub> and L<sub>5</sub>) each form an equilateral triangle with the two large bodies. The L<sub>4</sub> and L<sub>5</sub> points, although they correspond to maxima of the [[effective potential]] in the coordinate frame that rotates with the two large bodies, are stable due to the Coriolis effect.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spohn |first1=Tilman |last2=Breuer |first2=Doris |last3=Johnson |first3=Torrence |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1| title=Encyclopedia of the Solar System |year=2014|publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0124160347|page=60}}</ref> The stability can result in orbits around just L<sub>4</sub> or L<sub>5</sub>, known as [[tadpole orbit]]s, where [[trojan (astronomy)|trojans]] can be found. It can also result in orbits that encircle L<sub>3</sub>, L<sub>4</sub>, and L<sub>5</sub>, known as [[horseshoe orbit]]s.
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