Editing Colombia (section)

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{main|Race and ethnicity in Colombia}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ethnic groups in Colombia - '''[[2018 Colombian census|2018 Census]]'''<ref name="grupos étnicos">{{cite web|title=visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos|url=https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5|work=Censo General 2018|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816231845/https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5|url-status=live}}</ref>

|label1 = [[Mestizo Colombians|Mestizo]]-[[White Colombians|White]]
|value1 = 87.58
|color1 = #008080

|label2= [[Afro-Colombian]] (includes [[Mulatto|mixed]])
|value2 = 6.68
|color2 = #FFBF00

|label3= [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Amerindian]]
|value3 = 4.31
|color3 = #1C39BB

|label4= Not stated
|value4 = 1.35
|color4 = #008080

|label5= [[Raizal]]
|value5 = 0.06
|color5 = #FFBF00

|label6= [[Palenquero]]
|value6 = 0.02
|color6 = #008080

|label7= [[Romani People|Romani]]
|value7 = 0.01
|color7 = #808080
}}

Colombia is ethnically diverse, its people descending from the original [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Native]] inhabitants, Spanish conquistadors, [[African Colombian|Africans]] originally brought to the country as slaves, and 20th-century [[European diaspora|immigrants from Europe]] and the [[Arab Colombians|Middle East]], all contributing to a diverse cultural heritage.<ref name="Colombia is ethnically diverse">{{cite web |url=http://www.pedagogica.edu.co/storage/ps/articulos/pedysab15_09arti.pdf |title=The ethnic and cultural diversity of Colombia |publisher=pedagogica.edu.co |language=es |access-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221138/http://www.pedagogica.edu.co/storage/ps/articulos/pedysab15_09arti.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2014  }}</ref> The demographic distribution reflects a pattern that is influenced by colonial history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/105/15.html |title=Mapa genético de los colombianos |publisher=historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co |language=es |access-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617204901/http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/105/15.html |archive-date=17 June 2016  }}</ref> Whites live all throughout the country, mainly in urban centers and the burgeoning highland and coastal cities. The populations of the major cities also include mestizos. [[Mestizo Colombian|Mestizo]] ''campesinos'' (people living in rural areas) also live in the Andean highlands where some Spanish conquerors mixed with the women of Amerindian [[chiefdoms]]. Mestizos include artisans and small tradesmen that have played a major part in the urban expansion of recent decades.<ref>Bushnell & Hudson, pp. 87–88.</ref><ref name="grupos étnicos" /> In a study by the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Colombians have an average ancestry of 47% Amerindian DNA, 42% European DNA, and 11% African DNA.<ref name=Rojas2010>{{cite journal |last1=Rojas |first1=Winston |last2=Parra |first2=María Victoria |last3=Campo |first3=Omer |last4=Caro |first4=María Antonieta |last5=Lopera |first5=Juan Guillermo |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Duque |first7=Constanza |last8=Naranjo |first8=Andrés |last9=García |first9=Jharley |last10=Vergara |first10=Candelaria |last11=Lopera |first11=Jaime |last12=Hernandez |first12=Erick |last13=Valencia |first13=Ana |last14=Caicedo |first14=Yuri |last15=Cuartas |first15=Mauricio |last16=Gutiérrez |first16=Javier |last17=López |first17=Sergio |last18=Ruiz-Linares |first18=Andrés |last19=Bedoya |first19=Gabriel |title=Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=September 2010 |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21270 |pmid=20734436 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45822469 |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>

The [[2018 Colombian Census|2018 census]] reported that the "non-ethnic population", consisting of [[White Colombian|whites]] and mestizos (those of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), constituted 87.6% of the national population. 6.7% is of [[Afro-Colombian|African]] ancestry. [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Indigenous Amerindians]] constitute 4.3% of the population. [[Raizal]] people constitute 0.06% of the population. [[Palenquero]] people constitute 0.02% of the population. 0.01% of the population are [[Romani people|Roma]]. A study by Latinobarómetro in 2023 estimates that 50.3% of the population are [[Mestizo Colombians|Mestizo]], 26.4% are [[White Colombians|White]], 9.5% are [[Indigenous peoples of Colombia|Indigenous]], 9.0% are [[Afro-Colombians|Black]], 4.4% are [[Mulatto]], and 0.4% are [[Asian Colombians|Asian]], these estimates would equate to around 26 million people being Mestizo, 14 million being White, 5 million being Indigenous, 5 million being Black, 2 million being Mulatto, and 200k being Asian.<ref name="2023est">{{cite web |title=Raza/Etnia a la que pertenece |url=https://www.latinobarometro.org/latOnline.jsp |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ethnic groups of Colombia according to Latinobarómetro 2023<ref name="2023est"/>

|label1=[[Mestizo Colombians|Mestizo]]
|value1 = 50.3
|color1 = #2b70a7

|label2=[[White Colombians|White]]
|value2 = 26.4
|color2 = #008dbf

|label3=[[Indigenous peoples of Colombia|Amerindian]]
|value3 = 9.5
|color3 = #00a9c1

|label4=[[Afro Colombians|Black]]
|value4 = 9.0
|color4 = #00c2ac

|label5=[[Mulatto]]
|value5 = 4.4
|color5 = #18d886

|label6=[[Asian Colombians|Asian]]
|value6 = 0.4
|color6 = #9ae758
}}

The Federal Research Division estimated that the 86% of the population that did not consider themselves part of one of the ethnic groups indicated by the 2006 census was divided into 49% Mestizo or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, and 37% White, mainly of Spanish lineage, but there is also a large population of Middle East descent; in some sectors of society there is a considerable input of German and Italian ancestry.<ref name="The Society and Its Environment">{{cite book|last1=Bushnell |first1=David |last2=Hudson |first2=Rex A. |year=2010 |title=The Society and Its Environment; Colombia: a country study |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |pages=87, 92 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.}}</ref><ref name="grupos étnicos" />

Many of the [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Indigenous peoples]] experienced a reduction in population during the Spanish rule<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.colombia.com/colombiainfo/nuestrahistoria/esclavista.asp |publisher=colombia.com |title=Society and slavery|language=es|access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> and many others were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remainder currently represents over eighty distinct cultures. Reserves (''resguardos'') established for indigenous peoples occupy {{convert|30571640|ha|km2|sp=us}} (27% of the country's total) and are inhabited by more than 800,000 people.<ref name="Resguardos Indígenas">{{cite web|url=https://www.siac.gov.co/Estado_Ecosistemas_Bosque/Resguardos_indigenas1.aspx |title=Resguardos indígenas – Concentra el 43% de los bosques naturales |publisher=siac.gov.co |access-date=27 March 2014 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011617/https://www.siac.gov.co/Estado_Ecosistemas_Bosque/Resguardos_indigenas1.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> Some of the largest indigenous groups are the [[Wayuu]],<ref name="wayuu">{{cite web|url=http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/antropologia/article/view/2006/1973|title=Hostein, N. (2010). El pueblo wayuu de la Guajira colombo-venezolana: un panorama de su cultura. Cuadernos de Antropología, 20(1).|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> the [[Paez people|Paez]], the Pastos, the [[Emberá people|Emberá]] and the [[Zenú]].<ref name="pueblos indígenas">{{cite web |url=https://www.dnp.gov.co/programas/desarrollo-territorial/Paginas/pueblos-indigenas.aspx |title=Los pueblos indígenas de Colombia en el umbral del nuevo milenio. Población, cultura y territorio: bases para el fortalecimiento social y económico de los pueblos indígenas |publisher=dnp.gov.co |access-date=27 March 2014 |archive-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312221148/https://www.dnp.gov.co/programas/desarrollo-territorial/Paginas/pueblos-indigenas.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The departments of [[Department of La Guajira|La Guajira]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Córdoba Department|Córdoba]] and [[Sucre Department|Sucre]] have the largest indigenous populations.<ref name="grupos étnicos" />

The [[National Indigenous Organization of Colombia|Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia]] (ONIC), founded at the first National Indigenous Congress in 1982, is an organization representing the indigenous peoples of Colombia. In 1991, Colombia signed and ratified the current international law concerning indigenous peoples, [[Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989]].<ref name="Ratifications - ilo.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102595 |title=Ratifications for Colombia |publisher=ilo.org |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref>

[[Sub-Saharan Africans]] were brought as [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]], mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century and continuing into the 19th century. Large Afro-Colombian communities are found today on the Pacific Coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dane.gov.co/censo/files/presentaciones/grupos_etnicos.pdf |title=Ethnic groups in Colombia |publisher=dane.gov.co |language=es |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233546/http://www.dane.gov.co/censo/files/presentaciones/grupos_etnicos.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Numerous [[Jamaican people|Jamaicans]] migrated mainly to the islands of San Andres and Providencia. A number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including people from the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during and after the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref name="Extranjeros en Colombia">{{cite web |url=http://www.rodriguezuribe.co/histories/Inmigrantes%20a%20Colombia%20-%20Luis%20Alvaro%20Gallo.pdf |title=Inmigrantes a Colombia: Personajes extranjeros llegados a Colombia |author=Luis Álvaro Gallo Martínez |publisher=rodriguezuribe.co |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091807/http://www.rodriguezuribe.co/histories/Inmigrantes%20a%20Colombia%20-%20Luis%20Alvaro%20Gallo.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015  }}</ref><ref name="Migraciones Internacionales">{{cite web|url=http://rcientificas.uninorte.edu.co/index.php/investigacion/article/view/2116/2827|title=Las migraciones internacionales en Colombia. Investigación & Desarrollo, 20(1) 142–167.|author1=Wabgou, M. |author2=Vargas, D. |author3=Carabalí, J. A.|publisher=uninorte.edu.co|year=2012|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914172309/http://rcientificas.uninorte.edu.co/index.php/investigacion/article/view/2116/2827|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many immigrant communities have settled on the Caribbean coast, in particular recent immigrants from the [[Ethnic groups in West Asia|Middle East]] and [[Europe]]. Barranquilla (the largest city of the Colombian Caribbean) and other Caribbean cities have the largest populations of [[Lebanese Colombian|Lebanese]], [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]], and other [[Arab Colombians|Levantines]].<ref name="arab colombians">Vargas Arana, Pilar, and Luz Marina Suaza Vargas. "Los árabes en Colombia: Del rechazo a la integración." (2007).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nodo50.org/csca/agenda08/misc/arti48.html |title=The Arab immigration to Colombia |publisher=nodo50.org |language=es|access-date=30 January 2014}}</ref> There are also important communities of [[Romani people|Romanis]] and [[History of the Jews in Colombia|Jews]].<ref name="Colombia is ethnically diverse" /> There is a major migration trend of [[Venezuelan people|Venezuelans]], due to the political and economic situation in Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/c80f3a_d2e0a0b4821e4238ae021904026a4459.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/c80f3a_d2e0a0b4821e4238ae021904026a4459.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Características de los migrantes de Venezuela a Colombia |date=14 August 2017 |website=labourosario.com|language=es}}</ref> In August 2019, Colombia offered citizenship to more than 24,000 children of Venezuelan refugees who were born in Colombia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/americas/colombia-citizenship-venezuelans.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/world/americas/colombia-citizenship-venezuelans.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Colombia Offers Citizenship to 24,000 Children of Venezuelan Refugees|last1=Kurmanaev|first1=Anatoly|date=5 August 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 August 2019|last2=González|first2=Jenny Carolina|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>