Editing Clostridium botulinum (section)

==''C. botulinum'' in different geographical locations==
A number of [[Numerical data|quantitative]] [[Statistical survey|surveys]] for ''C. botulinum'' [[spores]] in the environment have suggested a prevalence of specific toxin types in given geographic areas, which remain unexplained.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Location
!
|-
|North America
|Type A ''C. botulinum'' predominates the [[soil]] samples from the western regions, while type B is the major type found in eastern areas.<ref name="Hauschild_1989">{{cite book | vauthors = Hauschild AH | date = 1989 | chapter = Clostridium botulinum. | veditors = Doyle MP | title = Food-borne Bacterial Pathogens. | publisher = Marcel Dekker | location = New York | pages = 111–189 }}</ref> The type-B organisms were of the proteolytic Group I. [[Sediments]] from the [[Great Lakes]] region were surveyed after outbreaks of botulism among commercially reared [[fish]], and only type E spores were detected.<ref name="pmid4870273">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bott TL, Johnson J, Foster EM, Sugiyama H | title = Possible origin of the high incidence of Clostridium botulinum type E in an inland bay (Green Bay of Lake Michigan) | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 95 | issue = 5 | pages = 1542–7 | date = May 1968 | pmid = 4870273 | pmc = 252172 | doi = 10.1128/jb.95.5.1542-1547.1968 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eklund MW, Peterson ME, Poysky FT, Peck LW, Conrad JF | title = Botulism in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the United States. | journal = Aquaculture | date = February 1982 | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.1016/0044-8486(82)90104-1 | bibcode = 1982Aquac..27....1E }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eklund MW, Poysky FT, Peterson ME, Peck LW, Brunson WD | title = Type E botulism in salmonids and conditions contributing to outbreaks. | journal = Aquaculture | date = October 1984 | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 293–309 | doi = 10.1016/0044-8486(84)90198-4 | bibcode = 1984Aquac..41..293E }}</ref> In a survey, type-A strains were isolated from soils that were [[Neutral solution|neutral]] to [[alkaline]](average pH 7.5), while type-B strains were isolated from slightly [[acidic]] soils (average pH 6.23).
|-
|Europe
|''C. botulinum'' type E is prevalent in aquatic sediments in Norway and Sweden,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johannsen A | title = Clostridium botulinum in Sweden and the adjacent waters. | journal = Journal of Applied Bacteriology | date = April 1963 | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–47 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1963.tb01153.x }}</ref> Denmark,<ref name="pmid6990867">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huss HH | title = Distribution of Clostridium botulinum | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 764–9 | date = April 1980 | pmid = 6990867 | pmc = 291416 | doi = 10.1128/aem.39.4.764-769.1980 | bibcode = 1980ApEnM..39..764H }}</ref> the Netherlands, the Baltic coast of Poland, and Russia.<ref name="Hauschild_1989"/> The type-E ''C. botulinum'' was suggested to be a true [[Aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]] organism, which was indicated by the correlation between the level of type-E contamination and flooding of the land with seawater. As the land dried, the level of type E decreased and type B became dominant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Portinha IM, Douillard FP, Korkeala H, Lindström M | title = Sporulation Strategies and Potential Role of the Exosporium in Survival and Persistence of ''Clostridium botulinum'' | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 754 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 35054941 | pmc = 8775613 | doi = 10.3390/ijms23020754 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
In soil and sediment from the United Kingdom, ''C. botulinum'' type B predominates. In general, the incidence is usually lower in soil than in [[sediment]]. In Italy, a survey conducted in the vicinity of [[Rome]] found a low level of contamination; all strains were proteolytic (Group I) ''C. botulinum'' types A or B.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors =  Creti R, Fenicia J, Aureli P |date=May 1990 |title=Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum in the soil of the vicinity of Rome |journal=Current Microbiology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=317–321 |doi=10.1007/bf02091912}}</ref>
|-
|Australia
|''C. botulinum'' type A was found to be present in soil samples from mountain areas of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eales CE, Gillespie JM | title = The isolation of Clostridium botulinum type A from Victorian soils | journal = The Australian Journal of Science | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 20 | date = August 1947 | pmid = 20267540 }}</ref> Type-B organisms were detected in marine mud from [[Tasmania]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ohye DF, Scott WJ |date=1957 |title=Studies in the physiology of ''Clostridium botulinum'' type E |journal=Australian Journal of Biological Sciences |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/bi/pdf/bi9570085 |volume=10 |pages=85–94 |doi=10.1071/BI9570085}}</ref> Type-A ''C. botulinum'' has been found in [[Sydney]] suburbs and types A and B were isolated from [[Urban area|urban]] areas. In a well-defined area of the Darling-Downs region of [[Queensland]], a study showed the prevalence and persistence of ''C. botulinum'' type B after many cases of botulism in [[horse]]s.
|}