Editing Cheetah (section)

==Conservation==
The cheetah has been classified as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the IUCNRed List; it is listed under Appendix{{nbsp}}I of the [[Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals]] and Appendix{{nbsp}}I of the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]].<ref name=iucn /> The [[Endangered Species Act]] enlists the cheetah as Endangered.<ref name=ecos>{{cite web |title=Cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') |url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?sId=5719 |website=Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS) |publisher=[[US Fish and Wildlife Service]] |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019035736/https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/profile/speciesProfile?sId=5719 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===In Africa===
[[File:CCF Field and Research Centre.jpg|thumb|The [[Cheetah Conservation Fund]]'s Field and Research Centre in [[Otjiwarongo]] (Namibia)|alt=A cheetah sculpture in front of two buildings at the Cheetah Conservation Fund's Field and Research Centre in Otjiwarongo, Namibia]]

Until the 1970s, cheetahs and other carnivores were frequently killed to protect livestock in Africa. Gradually the understanding of cheetah ecology increased and their falling numbers became a matter of concern. The De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre was set up in 1971 in South Africa to provide care for wild cheetahs regularly trapped or injured by Namibian farmers.<ref name=marker1/> By 1987, the first major research project to outline cheetah conservation strategies was underway.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wildt |first1=D. E. |last2=Grisham |first2=J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Basic research and the cheetah SSP program |journal=Zoo Biology |date=1993 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1002/zoo.1430120103}}</ref> The [[Cheetah Conservation Fund]], founded in 1990 in Namibia, put efforts into field research and education about cheetahs on the global platform.<ref name=marker1/> The CCF runs a cheetah genetics laboratory, the only one of its kind, in [[Otjiwarongo]] (Namibia);<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/world/namibia-saving-cheetahs-extinction/index.html |title=A lab in a remote Namibian city is saving the cheetah from extinction |author1=Beighton, R. |author2=Wood, R. |website=[[CNN]]|access-date=19 March 2020|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319192916/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/world/namibia-saving-cheetahs-extinction/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "Bushblok" is an initiative to restore habitat systematically through targeted bush thinning and biomass utilisation.<ref name=FSC>{{cite web |title=Leading the race for the survival of the cheetah |url=https://fsc.org/en/newscentre/stories/leading-the-race-for-the-survival-of-the-cheetah |website=[[Forest Stewardship Council]] |date=9 February 2018|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002043848/https://fsc.org/en/newscentre/stories/leading-the-race-for-the-survival-of-the-cheetah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cheetah Conservation Fund BUSHBLOK Project |url=https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative/commitments/cheetah-conservation-fund-bushblok-project |website=[[Clinton Foundation]]|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928040806/https://www.clintonfoundation.org/clinton-global-initiative/commitments/cheetah-conservation-fund-bushblok-project|url-status=live}}</ref> Several more cheetah-specific conservation programmes have since been established, like Cheetah Outreach in South Africa.<ref name=marker1/>

The Global Cheetah Action Plan Workshop in 2002 laid emphasis on the need for a range-wide survey of wild cheetahs to demarcate areas for conservation efforts and on creating awareness through training programs.<ref>{{cite report|editor1-last=Bartels|editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Bouwer |editor2-first=V.|editor3-last=Crosier|editor3-first=A.|editor4-last=Cilliers|editor4-first=D.|editor5-last=Durant |editor5-first=S. M. |editor6-last=Grisham|editor6-first=J.|editor7-last=Marker|editor7-first=L.|editor8-last=Wildt|editor8-first=D. E.|editor9-last=Friedmann|editor9-first=Y. |date=2002 |url=http://www.cbsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Global%20Cheetah%20Conservation%20Plan%20Final%20Report%202002.pdf |publisher=IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group |title=Global Cheetah Conservation Plan Final Report 2002|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227083025/http://www.cbsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Global%20Cheetah%20Conservation%20Plan%20Final%20Report%202002.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Range Wide Conservation Program for Cheetah and African Wild Dogs began in 2007 as a joint initiative of the IUCN Cat and Canid Specialist Groups, the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] and the [[Zoological Society of London]]. National conservation plans have been developed for several African countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Groom |first1=R. |title=Rangewide Conservation Program for Cheetah and Wild Dog |work=[[National Geographic]] |date=2013 |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/27/rangewide-conservation-program-for-cheetah-and-wild-dog/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324223152/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/27/rangewide-conservation-program-for-cheetah-and-wild-dog/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 March 2015 |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Rangewide Conservation Program for Cheetah and African Wild Dogs |url=http://www.cheetahandwilddog.org/regional-strategies-national-action-plans/ |title=Regional strategies and national action plans |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218123522/http://www.cheetahandwilddog.org/regional-strategies-national-action-plans/}}</ref> In 2014, the CITES Standing Committee recognised the cheetah as a "species of priority" in their strategies in northeastern Africa to counter wildlife trafficking.<ref name=cites>{{cite report |last1=Nowell |first1=K. |title=Illegal trade in cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus''). CITES sixty-fifth meeting of the Standing Committee Geneva (Switzerland), 7–11 July 2014 |publisher=CITES |pages=1–54 |year=2014 |url=http://www.cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/65/E-SC65-39.pdf |access-date=4 June 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202194618/https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/65/E-SC65-39.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2016, the results of an extensive survey detailing the distribution and demography of cheetahs throughout the range were published; the researchers recommended listing the cheetah as [[Endangered]] on the IUCN Red List.<ref name=durant2017/>

The cheetah was reintroduced in Malawi in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheetahs return to Malawi after decades |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/cheetahs-return-to-malawi-after-decades/ |last=Dasgupta |first=S. |work=[[Mongabay]] |date=2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706045000/https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/cheetahs-return-to-malawi-after-decades/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===In Asia===
{{see also|Cheetah reintroduction in India}}
[[File:Jairam Ramesh at the Cheetah Outreach Centre near Cape Town, during his visit on April 25, 2010, to discuss cheetah translocation from South Africa to India.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jairam Ramesh]] at the Cheetah Outreach Centre near Cape Town in 2010, during his visit to discuss cheetah translocation from South Africa to India|alt=Jairam Ramesh stroking the back of a cheetah at the Cheetah Outreach Centre near Cape Town in 2010]]

In 2001, the Iranian government collaborated with the CCF, the IUCN, [[Panthera Corporation]], [[United Nations Development Programme]] and the Wildlife Conservation Society on the Conservation of Asiatic Cheetah Project (CACP) to protect the natural habitat of the Asiatic cheetah and its prey.<ref name="CatWatch">{{cite web |last1=Hunter |first1=L. |date=2012 |title=Finding the last cheetahs of Iran |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/25/finding-the-last-cheetahs-of-iran/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701123053/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/25/finding-the-last-cheetahs-of-iran/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conservation of Asiatic Cheetah Project (CACP)—Phase II |url=https://www.ir.undp.org/content/iran/en/home/projects/Conservation-of-Asiatic-Cheetah-Project-Phase-II.html |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]], Iran |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220114049/https://www.ir.undp.org/content/iran/en/home/projects/Conservation-of-Asiatic-Cheetah-Project-Phase-II.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, the Iranian Centre for Sustainable Development (CENESTA) conducted an international workshop to discuss conservation plans with local stakeholders.<ref name=marker1/> Iran declared 31{{nbsp}}August as National Cheetah Day in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran tries to save Asiatic cheetah from extinction |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-tries-to-save-asiatic-cheetah-from-extinction-581417|access-date=4 May 2016 |website=[[NDTV]] |date=2014|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105234335/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-tries-to-save-asiatic-cheetah-from-extinction-581417|url-status=live}}</ref> The Iranian Cheetah Strategic Planning meet in 2010 formulated a five-year conservation plan for Asiatic cheetahs.<ref name=marker1/> The CACP Phase II was implemented in 2009, and the third phase was drafted in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran, UNDP prepare draft for conservation of Asiatic cheetah |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/426638/Iran-UNDP-prepare-draft-for-Conservation-of-Asiatic-Cheetah |access-date=25 April 2020 |newspaper=[[Tehran Times]] |date=2018 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922180838/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/426638/Iran-UNDP-prepare-draft-for-Conservation-of-Asiatic-Cheetah |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the early 2000s scientists from the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] ([[Hyderabad]]) proposed a plan to [[cloning|clone]] Asiatic cheetahs from Iran for reintroduction in India, but Iran denied the proposal.<ref>{{cite news |author=Umanadh, J. B. S. |title=Iranian refusal an obstacle to clone cheetah |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=2011 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/182161/iranian-refusal-obstacle-clone-cheetah.html |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225153035/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/182161/iranian-refusal-obstacle-clone-cheetah.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2009, the Minister of Environment and Forests assigned the [[Wildlife Trust of India]] and the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] with examining the potential of importing African cheetahs to India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sebastian, S. |title=India joins the race to save cheetahs |date=2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-joins-the-race-to-save-Cheetahs/article16882561.ece |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129113920/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-joins-the-race-to-save-Cheetahs/article16882561.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]] were suggested as reintroduction sites for the cheetah because of the high prey density.<ref>{{cite report |author1=Ranjitsinh, M. K. |author1-link=MK Ranjitsinh Jhala |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author2-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |title=Assessing the potential for reintroducing the cheetah in India |year=2010 |pages=1–179 |publisher=[[Wildlife Trust of India]] & [[Wildlife Institute of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135003/http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/cheeta_report_2010.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url=http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/cheeta_report_2010.pdf}}</ref> However, plans for reintroduction were stalled in May 2012 by the [[Supreme Court of India]] because of a political dispute and concerns over introducing a non-native species to the country. Opponents stated the plan was "not a case of intentional movement of an organism into a part of its native range".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahapatra |first1=D. |title=Supreme Court red flags move to translocate African cheetah |date=2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Supreme-Court-red-flags-move-to-translocate-African-cheetah-in-India/articleshow/13057200.cms |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225094213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Supreme-Court-red-flags-move-to-translocate-African-cheetah-in-India/articleshow/13057200.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kolachalam |first1=N. |title=When one big cat is almost like the other |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/09/can-india-bring-back-cheetah/598066/ |access-date=25 April 2020 |magazine=[[The Atlantic Magazine]] |date=2019 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213194439/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/09/can-india-bring-back-cheetah/598066/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 January 2020, the Supreme Court allowed the central government to introduce cheetahs to a suitable habitat in India on an experimental basis to see if they can adapt to it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallen |first1=J. |title=India to reintroduce cheetahs to the wild more than 70 years after species became extinct |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/01/28/india-reintroduce-cheetahs-wild-70-years-species-went-extinct/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/01/28/india-reintroduce-cheetahs-wild-70-years-species-went-extinct/ |access-date=25 April 2020 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (London)|The Telegraph]] |date=2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Katz |first1=B. |title=After decades-long battle, cheetahs can be reintroduced in India |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/cheetahs-can-be-reintroduced-indian-habitats-supreme-court-rules-180974075/ |access-date=25 April 2020 |magazine=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |date=2020 |archive-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315135332/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/cheetahs-can-be-reintroduced-indian-habitats-supreme-court-rules-180974075/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, India signed a memorandum of understanding with Namibia as part of Project Cheetah.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022 |first=A. |last=Mishra |title=Stage set for return of cheetahs to India, special plane lands in Namibia {{!}} All you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cheetah-is-back-india-namibia-kuno-national-park-pm-modi-2000701-2022-09-15 |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=India Today |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915152202/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cheetah-is-back-india-namibia-kuno-national-park-pm-modi-2000701-2022-09-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, it was announced that eight cheetahs would be transferred from Namibia to India in August.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62239811 |title=Cheetahs to prowl India for first time in 70 years |work=BBC News |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720232754/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62239811 |url-status=live}}</ref> The eight cheetahs were released into Kuno National Park on 17 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosal |first1=A. |last2=Arasu |first2=S. |title=Cheetahs make a comeback in India after 70 years |date=2022 |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/sep/17/cheetahs-make-a-comeback-in-india-after-70-years/ |work=[[The Washington Times]] |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-date=17 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917114743/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/sep/17/cheetahs-make-a-comeback-in-india-after-70-years/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since their introduction, they gave birth to 17 cubs. However, by September 2024, eight adult cheetahs and four cubs already died.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024 |title=After sudden cheetah deaths in Kuno in 2023, Centre had turned to Reliance's wildlife facility for help |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/after-sudden-cheetah-deaths-in-kuno-in-2023-centre-had-turned-to-reliances-wildlife-facility-for-help/article68617313.ece#:~:text=brought%20to%20Kuno.-,Since%20their%20arrival,%20eight%20adult%20cheetahs%20%E2%80%94%20three%20female%20and%20five,which%20are%20currently%20in%20enclosures. |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>