Editing Charleston, South Carolina (section)

==Culture==
Charleston's culture blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has several arts, music, local cuisine, and fashion venues. [[Spoleto Festival USA]], held annually in late spring, was founded in 1977 by [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning composer [[Gian Carlo Menotti]], who sought to establish a counterpart to the ''Festival dei Due Mondi'' (the Festival of Two Worlds) in [[Spoleto]], Italy.

Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Footlight Players |url=https://www.footlightplayers.net/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Footlight Players |language=en-US}}</ref> A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic [[Dock Street Theatre]]. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexus Charleston Fashion Week {{!}} The Events |url=https://theevents.charlestonfashionweek.com/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=theevents.charlestonfashionweek.com |language=en}}</ref> Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as [[gumbo]], she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is a staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levine |first=Irene S. |date=2021-12-16 |title=The Cuisine of Charleston: A Unique Mix of History And Geography |url=https://www.moretimetotravel.com/the-cuisine-of-charleston-a-unique-mix-of-history-and-geography/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=More Time to Travel |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Annual cultural events and fairs===
Charleston annually hosts [[Spoleto Festival USA]] founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in various disciplines.<ref name="charlestonspoleto.org">[http://www.charlestonspoleto.org/charleston-spoleto-festivals.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314202110/http://www.charlestonspoleto.org/charleston-spoleto-festivals.html|date=March 14, 2012}}</ref> The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historiccharleston.org/Events.aspx |title=Events – Historic Charleston Foundation |website=Historiccharleston.org |access-date=May 30, 2017 |archive-date=June 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610071904/https://www.historiccharleston.org/Events.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the [[Cooper River Bridge Run]], The Charleston Marathon,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://charlestonmarathon.com/ |title=MLK Weekend • Marathon · Half Marathon · 5k · Youth Marathon · Bike Ride • Going the Distance for the Arts |publisher=Charleston Marathon |date=January 14, 2017 |access-date=May 30, 2017 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620171946/http://charlestonmarathon.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sewe.com/ |title=Southeastern Wildlife Exposition 2017 |website=Sewe.com |access-date=May 30, 2017 |archive-date=September 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929135347/http://sewe.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.CharlestonIFF.org |title=Charleston International Film Festival |website=Charlestoniff.org |date=May 18, 2017 |access-date=May 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106153129/http://www.charlestoniff.org/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014 }}</ref> The [[Charleston Conference]] is a major library industry event, held in the city center since 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/charleston-conference-to-flood-downtown-with-1600-bookworms/Content?oid=4226626 |title=Charleston Conference to flood downtown with 1,600 bookworms |last=Lawrence |first=Stratton |website=Charleston City Paper |access-date=April 29, 2017 |archive-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073915/https://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/charleston-conference-to-flood-downtown-with-1600-bookworms/Content?oid=4226626 }}</ref>

===Music===
{{main|Music in Charleston}}

The [[Gullah]] community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of [[jazz]] music. In turn, Charleston's music has influenced the rest of the country. The [[geechee]] dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired [[Eubie Blake]]'s "Charleston Rag" and later [[James P. Johnson]]'s "[[Charleston (1923 song)|Charleston]]", as well as the [[Charleston (dance)|dance craze]] that defined a nation in the 1920s. "[[Ballin' the Jack]]", which was a popular dance in the years before "Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian [[Chris Smith (composer)|Chris Smith]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McCray |first=Jack |title=Charleston Jazz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hsWQcCvUTkC&pg=PA25 |date=June 6, 2007 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-4350-5 |pages=11, 12 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-date=January 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116202512/https://books.google.com/books?id=5hsWQcCvUTkC&pg=PA25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Jenkins Orphanage]] was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments, and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on various instruments and could read music expertly.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCray |first=Jack |title=Charleston Jazz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hsWQcCvUTkC&pg=PA25 |date=June 6, 2007 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-4350-5 |page=27 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-date=January 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116202512/https://books.google.com/books?id=5hsWQcCvUTkC&pg=PA25 |url-status=live }}</ref> These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. [[Cat Anderson|William "Cat" Anderson]], [[Jabbo Smith]], and [[Freddie Green]] are but a few of the alumni who became professional musicians. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jenkins Orphanage Band - Charleston, South Carolina |url=https://www.sciway.net/south-carolina/jenkins-orphanage.html |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.sciway.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://jenkinsinstitute.org/index.php/our-history |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=jenkinsinstitute.org |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106192650/https://jenkinsinstitute.org/index.php/our-history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[William Howard Taft|William Taft]] and toured the US and Europe.<ref>Edgar, Walter. ''South Carolina Encyclopedia'' (2006) pp. 590–591, {{ISBN|1-57003-598-9}}</ref> The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by [[DuBose Heyward|DuBose]] and [[Dorothy Heyward]], a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the genuine Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage.<ref name="Hubbert">{{cite web |last=Hubbert |first=Julie |title=Jenkins Orphanage |url=http://www.sc.edu/orphanfilm/orphanage/symposia/scholarship/hubbert/jenkins-orphanage.html/ |access-date=February 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929081937/http://www.sc.edu/orphanfilm/orphanage/symposia/scholarship/hubbert/jenkins-orphanage.html |archive-date=September 29, 2012 }}</ref> Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with [[George Gershwin|George]] and [[Ira Gershwin]] to turn his novel into the now famous opera, ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' (so named to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at [[Folly Beach]] outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it. ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' is considered one of the first Great American Operas and is widely performed.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Porgy and Bess," the first great American opera, premieres on Broadway |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/porgy-and-bess-the-first-great-american-opera-premieres-on-broadway |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Erb |first=Jane |title=Porgy and Bess (1934) |url=http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/gershwin/porgy&bess.php |access-date=February 19, 2013 |archive-date=January 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131112657/http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/gershwin/porgy%26bess.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

To this day, Charleston is home to many musicians in all genres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charleston SC Music: Full Guide to Symphonies, Bands, Singers, and Musicians |url=https://www.sciway.net/sc-bands/charleston-bands.html |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.sciway.net}}</ref> For example, [[Heyrocco]] is a local indie band.

===Live theater===
Charleston has a vibrant theater scene, home to America's first theater. Most of the theaters are part of the League of Charleston Theatres, better known as Theatre Charleston.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theatrecharleston.com |title=Theatre Charleston |work=theatrecharleston.com |access-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905224422/http://www.theatrecharleston.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the city's theaters include:
* [[Dock Street Theatre]], opened in the 1930s on the site of America's first purpose-built theater building, is home to the Charleston Stage Company, South Carolina's largest professional theater company.
* Queen Street Playhouse, a former cotton warehouse, was fully converted into a theater in 1986. It is the home of the Footlight Players, a Charleston theater troupe first organized in 1932.
* [[Sottile Theater]], on the campus of the [[College of Charleston]].

===Museums, historical sites, and other attractions===
{{See also|Charleston Historic District}}
[[File:The Calhoun Mansion, Charleston, SC IMG 4648.JPG|right|thumb|The [[Calhoun Mansion]], at 16 Meeting Street, was built in 1876 by George Williams but derived its name from a later occupant, his grandson-in-law Patrick Calhoun.]]
[[File:Nathaniel Russell House (Front Façade).JPG|thumb|[[Nathaniel Russell House]], built in 1808]]
[[File:Customs_House_-_2013.jpg|thumb|Old [[Exchange and Provost]] Dungeon, on Broad Street, built in 1767]]
Charleston has many historic buildings, art and historical museums, [[List of parks in Charleston, South Carolina|public parks]], and other attractions, including:
* [[Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture]], established to collect, preserve, and make public African Americans' unique historical and cultural heritage in Charleston and the South Carolina Low Country. Avery's archival collections, museum exhibitions, and public programming reflect these diverse populations and the wider African Diaspora.
* [[The Battery (Charleston)|The Battery]], a historic defensive seawall and promenade located at the tip of the peninsula along with [[White Point Garden]], a park featuring several memorials and Civil War-era artillery pieces.
* [[Calhoun Mansion]], a {{convert|24000|sqft|adj=on}}, 1876 Victorian home at 16 Meeting Street, is named for a grandson of John C. Calhoun, who lived there with his wife, the builder's daughter. The private house is periodically open for tours.
* [[Charleston Museum]], America's first museum, founded in 1773.
* [[Exchange and Provost]], built in 1767, it is operated as a museum by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]].
* [[Gibbes Museum of Art]], opened in 1905, it houses principally American works with a Charleston or Southern connection.
* [[Gov. William Aiken House]], also known as the Aiken-Rhett House, is a house museum built in 1820.
* [[Fireproof Building]] houses the South Carolina Historical Society, which offers a rotating series of historical displays.
* [[Fort Sumter]], the site of the first shots fired in the Civil War, is located in Charleston Harbor. The National Park Service maintains a visitor center for Fort Sumter at Liberty Square (near the South Carolina Aquarium), and boat tours including the fort depart nearby.
* [[Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art]] at the [[College of Charleston]], a free a non-collecting contemporary arts organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art |url=http://halsey.cofc.edu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124184357/http://halsey.cofc.edu/ |archive-date=November 24, 2005 |access-date=May 30, 2018 |website=halsey.cofc.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Heyward-Washington House]], a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. The house is furnished in the late 18th century and includes a collection of Charleston-made furniture.
* [[International African American Museum]], opened in 2023.
* [[Joseph Manigault House]], a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. Gabriel Manigault designed the house, which is significant for its [[Adam style]] architecture.
* [[City Market (Charleston, South Carolina)|Market Hall and Sheds]], also known as the City Market or simply the Market, stretches several blocks behind 188 Meeting Street. Market Hall, built in 1841, houses the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]] Museum. The sheds house some permanent stores but are mainly occupied by open-air vendors.
* [[Nathaniel Russell House]], a federal-style house open to the public as a house museum.
* [[Old Slave Mart|Old Slave Mart Museum]], located at 6 Chalmers Street in the historic district, is the first African American Museum. It has operated since 1938.<ref>{{cite web |title=Old Slave Mart Museum |url=http://www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612165904/http://www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/ |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2016 |website=www.oldslavemartmuseum.com/}}</ref>
* [[Powder Magazine (Charleston, South Carolina)|Powder Magazine]], a 1713 gunpowder magazine and museum. It is the oldest surviving public building in South Carolina.
* [[Rainbow Row]], an iconic strip of homes along the harbor, dates back to the mid-18th century. Though the houses are not open to the public, they are one of the most photographed attractions in the city and are featured heavily in local art.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jinkins |first=Shirley |title=Charleston S.C. has had a long and turbulent history, but a remarkable number of its buildings have survived |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=February 23, 1997 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/49585150.html?dids=49585150:49585150&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+23%2C+1997&author=Shirley+Jinkins&pub=The+Sun&desc=Charleston+S.C.+has+had+a+long+and+turbulent+history%2C+but+a+remarkable+number+of+its+buildings+have+survived.&pqatl=google |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729104311/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/49585150.html?dids=49585150:49585150&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+23,+1997&author=Shirley+Jinkins&pub=The+Sun&desc=Charleston+S.C.+has+had+a+long+and+turbulent+history,+but+a+remarkable+number+of+its+buildings+have+survived.&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |access-date=May 30, 2012}}</ref>
* [[South Carolina Aquarium]], includes revolving exhibits while its permanent focus is on the aquatic life of South Carolina.
* [[Waterfront Park (Charleston)|Waterfront Park]], located on the [[Cooper River (South Carolina)|Cooper River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/spaces/2008/waterfrontpark.htm |title=Waterfront Park: Charleston, South Carolina |website=www.planning.org |access-date=April 27, 2016 |archive-date=October 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012050054/https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/spaces/2008/waterfrontpark.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:Blackbaud Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|[[MUSC Health Stadium]], home of the Charleston Battery from 1998 until 2019]]

Charleston is home to some professional, minor league, and amateur sports teams:
* [[Charleston RiverDogs]], a [[Minor League Baseball]] team, plays in the [[Single-A]] [[Carolina League]] and are an affiliate of the [[Tampa Bay Rays]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RiverDogs renew affiliation with Tampa Bay Rays |url=https://charlestonbusiness.com/news/hospitality-and-tourism/79740/ |website=charlestonbusiness.com |date=December 11, 2020 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212062909/https://charlestonbusiness.com/news/hospitality-and-tourism/79740/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RiverDogs play at [[Joseph P. Riley Jr. Park]].
* [[Charleston Battery]], a professional [[soccer]] team, play in the [[USL Championship]]. The Battery plays at [[Patriots Point Soccer Complex]].
* [[South Carolina Stingrays]], a professional hockey team, plays in the [[ECHL]]. The Stingrays play in North Charleston at the [[North Charleston Coliseum]]. The Stingrays are an affiliate of the [[Washington Capitals]] and [[Hershey Bears]].
* [[Charleston Open|Credit One Charleston Open]], a major Women's Tennis Association Event, hosted at [[Credit One Stadium]], on Daniel Island.
* [[Charleston Outlaws RFC]], a [[rugby union]] club in the Palmetto Rugby Union, USA Rugby South, and [[USA Rugby]]. It competes in Men's Division II against the Cape Fear, Columbia, Greenville, and Charlotte "B" clubs. The club also hosts a [[rugby sevens]] tournament during Memorial Day weekend.
* [[Lowcountry Highrollers]], a women's flat-track roller derby league in the Charleston area. The league is a local Women's Flat Track Derby Association member.
* Charleston Gaelic Athletic Association, a Gaelic athletic club focusing on the sports of [[hurling]] and [[Gaelic football]]. The club competes in the Southeastern Division of the North American County Board of the [[Gaelic Athletic Association|GAA]]. The club hosts other division clubs in the Holy City Cup each spring.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charleston Hurling Club |publisher=Charleston Hurling Club |url=http://charlestonhurling.com/ |access-date=March 30, 2015 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142532/http://charlestonhurling.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other notable sports venues in Charleston include [[Johnson Hagood Stadium]] (home of [[The Citadel Bulldogs]] [[College football|football]] team), [[McAlister Field House]] (home of [[The Citadel Bulldogs]] [[College basketball|basketball]] team), and [[TD Arena|Toronto Dominion Bank Arena]] at the College of Charleston, which seats 5,100 people who view the school's basketball and volleyball teams.

===Books and films===
{{Main|Creative works set in Charleston, South Carolina|List of television shows and films set in Charleston, South Carolina}}
Various books and films have been set in Charleston; some of the best-known works are listed below. In addition, Charleston is a popular filming location for movies and television, both in its own right and as a stand-in for Southern historical settings.
* ''[[Porgy (novel)|Porgy]]'' (1925), by [[DuBose Heyward]], adapted into [[Porgy (play)|the play]] in 1927. [[George Gershwin]]'s folk opera ''Porgy and Bess'' (1935), based on the novel ''[[Porgy (novel)|Porgy]]'', is set in Charleston and was partially written at [[Folly Beach]], near Charleston. A [[Porgy and Bess (film)|film version]] was released in 1959.
* [[North and South (trilogy)|''North and South'']], series of books by [[John Jakes]], was partially set in Charleston. The [[North and South (miniseries)|''North and South'']] miniseries was partially set and filmed in Charleston.
* Part of the 1989 film ''[[Glory (1989 film)|Glory]]'', starring [[Matthew Broderick]], [[Denzel Washington]], and [[Morgan Freeman]], features the 1863 [[Second Battle of Fort Wagner]] on [[Morris Island]].
* The movies ''[[Swamp Thing (1982 film)|Swamp Thing]]'' (1982) and ''[[The Lords of Discipline (film)|The Lords of Discipline]]'' (1983) (based on the novel by [[Pat Conroy]]) were partly filmed in Charleston.<ref>Barth, Jack (1991). ''Roadside Hollywood: The Movie Lover's State-By-State Guide to Film Locations, Celebrity Hangouts, Celluloid Tourist Attractions, and More''. Contemporary Books. Page 177. {{ISBN|9780809243266}}.</ref>