Editing Chad (section)

=== Infrastructure ===

==== Transport ====
[[File:Map of Trans-African Highways.PNG|thumb]]

{{Main|Transport in Chad}}
Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Chad:
* the [[Tripoli-Cape Town Highway]] (3)
* the [[Dakar-Ndjamena Highway]] (5)
* the [[Ndjamena-Djibouti Highway]] (6)
Civil war crippled the development of [[transport in Chad|transport infrastructure]]; in 1987, Chad had only {{convert|30|km|mi}} of paved roads. Successive road rehabilitation projects improved the network<ref>"[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }}" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.</ref> to {{convert|550|km|mi}} by 2004.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf Lettre d'information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf |date=24 October 2007 }} (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004</ref> Nevertheless, the road network is limited; roads are often unusable for several months of the year. With no railways of its own, Chad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport of Chadian exports and imports to and from the seaport of [[Douala]].<ref name=Geography>[[Anwarul Karim Chowdhury|Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim]] & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); {{cite web|url=http://unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf |title=''Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries'' |access-date=19 June 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 }}. New York: United Nations. {{ISBN|92-1-104540-1}}</ref>

{{As of|2013}} Chad had an estimated 59 airports, only 9 of which had paved runways.<ref name="CIA-WFB">
 {{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=16 April 2017 }}
</ref> An [[N'Djamena International Airport|international airport]] serves the capital and provides regular nonstop flights to Paris and several African cities.

==== Energy ====
{{See also|Energy in Chad}}

Chad's energy sector has had years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society (STEE), which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population.<ref name="CCG">Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); {{cite web|url=http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html |title=Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005 |access-date=6 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 }}. [[United States Department of Commerce]].</ref> Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power.<ref name="EIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html |title=Chad and Cameroon |access-date=19 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113061630/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html |archive-date=13 January 2009 }}. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. [[Energy Information Administration]].</ref>

[[ExxonMobil]] leads a consortium of [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] and [[Petronas]] that has invested $3.7&nbsp;billion to develop oil reserves estimated at one billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production began in 2003 with the [[Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project|completion of a pipeline]] (financed in part by the [[World Bank]]) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducing this amount.<ref name="BGN"/><ref name="OECD"/> On 14 July 2006, the World Bank and Chad signed a memorandum of understanding under which the Government of Chad commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes.<ref>World Bank (14 July 2006). ''[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html |date=12 October 2007 }}''</ref>

==== Telecommunications ====
{{See also|Telecommunications in Chad}}

The [[Communications in Chad|telecommunication system]] is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephone company [[SotelTchad]]. In 2000, there were only 14 fixed telephone lines per 10,000 inhabitants in the country, one of the lowest telephone densities in the world.<ref name="CCG"/>

[[Gateway Communications]], a pan-African wholesale connectivity and telecommunications provider also has a presence in Chad.<ref>[http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2010/04/gateway-expands-presence-in-guinea-and-senegal/ Gateway expands presence in Guinea and Senegal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195628/http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2010/04/gateway-expands-presence-in-guinea-and-senegal/ |date=29 October 2013 }}. IT News Africa. 22 April 2010.</ref> In September 2013, Chad's Ministry for Posts and Information & Communication Technologies (PNTIC) announced that the country will be seeking a partner for [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] technology.{{update inline|date=February 2025}}

Chad is ranked last in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title=NRI Overall Ranking 2014 | publisher=World Economic Forum | access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> In September 2010 the mobile phone penetration rate was estimated at 24.3% over a population estimate of 10.7&nbsp;million.<ref name="Chad Mobile Market (Q1 2008 - Q3 2010)">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnodirectory.com/ame/Chad.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204221211/http://www.mnodirectory.com/ame/Chad.htm|archive-date=4 December 2011|title=Chad Mobile Market (Q1 2008 – Q3 2010) |work=mnodirectory.com}}</ref>