Editing Cavitation (section)

===Spillways===
When water flows over a dam [[spillway]], the irregularities on the spillway surface will cause small areas of flow separation  in a high-speed flow, and, in these regions, the pressure will be lowered. If the flow velocities are high enough the pressure may fall to below the local vapor pressure of the water and vapor bubbles will form. When these are carried downstream into a high pressure region the bubbles collapse giving rise to high pressures and possible cavitation damage.

Experimental investigations show that the damage on [[concrete]] chute and tunnel spillways can start at clear water flow velocities of between {{cvt|12|and|15|m/s|mph|}}, and, up to flow velocities of {{cvt|20|m/s|mph|||}}, it may be possible to protect the surface by streamlining the boundaries, improving the surface finishes or using resistant materials.<ref name="Volkart_Rutschmann_1984">{{cite conference |author1=Vokart, P. |author2=Rutschamnn, P. |title=Rapid Flow in Spillway Chutes with and without Deflectors – A Model-Prototype Comparison |conference=Proc. Intl. Symp. on Scale Effects in Modelling Hydraulic Structures, IAHR, Esslingen, Germany |editor=Kobus, H. |id=paper 4.5 |year=1984}}</ref>

When some air is present in the water the resulting mixture is compressible and this damps the high pressure caused by the bubble collapses.<ref name="Peterka_1953">{{cite conference|author=Peterka, A.J. |title=The Effect of Entrained Air on Cavitation Pitting |book-title=Joint Meeting Paper, IAHR/ASCE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Aug. 1953 |pages=507–518 |year=1953}}</ref> If the flow velocities near the spillway invert are sufficiently high, aerators (or aeration devices) must be introduced to prevent cavitation. Although these have been installed for some years, the mechanisms of air entrainment at the aerators and the slow movement of the air away from the spillway surface are still challenging.<ref name= "Chanson_1989a">{{cite journal| author=Chanson, H. |title=Study of Air Entrainment and Aeration Devices |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Research |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=301–319 |issn=0022-1686 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:9385 |year=1989 |doi=10.1080/00221688909499166 |bibcode=1989JHydR..27..301C |author-link=Hubert Chanson}}</ref><ref name="Chanson_1989b">{{cite journal|author=Chanson, H. |title=Flow downstream of an Aerator. Aerator Spacing |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Research |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=519–536 |issn=0022-1686 |year=1989 |doi=10.1080/00221688909499127 |bibcode=1989JHydR..27..519C |author-link=Hubert Chanson |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:9386}}</ref><ref name="Chanson_4">{{cite journal |author=Chanson, H. |title=Aeration and De-aeration at Bottom Aeration Devices on Spillways |journal=Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering |volume=21 |issue=3 |date=June 1994 |pages=404–409 |doi=10.1139/l94-044 |issn=0315-1468 |author-link=Hubert Chanson |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:9317}}</ref><ref name="Chanson_1995">{{cite journal |author=Chanson, H. |title=Predicting the Filling of Ventilated Cavities behind Spillway Aerators |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Research |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=361–372 |issn=0022-1686 |year=1995 |doi=10.1080/00221689509498577 |bibcode=1995JHydR..33..361C |author-link=Hubert Chanson |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:9322}}</ref>

The spillway aeration device design is based upon a small deflection of the spillway bed (or sidewall) such as a ramp and offset to deflect the high flow velocity flow away from the spillway surface. In the cavity formed below the nappe, a local subpressure beneath the nappe is produced by which air is sucked into the flow. The complete design includes the deflection device (ramp, offset) and the air supply system.