Editing Causes of mental disorders (section)

===Life events and emotional stress===
Mistreatment in childhood or adulthood (including [[sexual abuse|sexual]]-, [[physical abuse|physical]]-, and [[emotional abuse]], [[domestic violence]], and [[bullying]]) has been linked to the onset of mental disorders through an interaction of societal, familial, psychological, and biological factors. More generally, negative or stressful life events have been implicated in the development of a range of disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Anna C. |last2=Carroll |first2=Douglas |last3=Der |first3=Geoff |date=2015-07-04 |title=Negative life events and symptoms of depression and anxiety: stress causation and/or stress generation |journal=Anxiety, Stress, & Coping |language=en |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=357–371 |doi=10.1080/10615806.2015.1005078 |issn=1061-5806 |pmc=4772121 |pmid=25572915}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hassanzadeh |first1=Akbar |last2=Heidari |first2=Zahra |last3=Feizi |first3=Awat |last4=Hassanzadeh Keshteli |first4=Ammar |last5=Roohafza |first5=Hamidreza |last6=Afshar |first6=Hamid |last7=Adibi |first7=Payman |date=2017 |title=Association of Stressful Life Events with Psychological Problems: A Large-Scale Community-Based Study Using Grouped Outcomes Latent Factor Regression with Latent Predictors |journal=Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine |language=en |volume=2017 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2017/3457103 |issn=1748-670X |pmc=5625761 |pmid=29312459 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The main risks appear to be from the [[Cumulative effects (environment)|accumulation]] of such experiences over time, although a single major trauma can sometimes lead to disorders, especially [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]. [[Psychological resilience|Resilience]] to such experiences varies; a person may be resistant to some stressors but not to others. The psychological resilience of an individual can be affected by [[genetics]], temperamental characteristics, [[cognitive flexibility]], [[Coping|coping strategies]], and previous experiences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vella |first1=Shae-LeighCynthia |last2=Pai |first2=NageshB |date=2019 |title=A theoretical review of psychological resilience: Defining resilience and resilience research over the decades |journal=Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=233 |doi=10.4103/amhs.amhs_119_19 |s2cid=209406511 |issn=2321-4848 |doi-access=free }}</ref> For example, in the case of [[bipolar disorder]], stress is not a specific cause but does place genetically and biologically vulnerable people at risk for more severe forms of the illness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Ian M. |last2=Haddad |first2=Peter M. |last3=Scott |first3=Jan |date=2012-12-27 |title=Bipolar disorder |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8508 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=345 |pages=e8508 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8508 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=23271744|s2cid=22156246 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerner |first=Berit |date=February 2014 |title=Genetics of bipolar disorder |journal=The Application of Clinical Genetics |volume=7 |language=en |pages=33–42 |doi=10.2147/TACG.S39297 |issn=1178-704X |pmc=3966627 |pmid=24683306 |doi-access=free }}</ref>