Editing Catherine the Great (section)

==== Islam ====
{{See also|Islam in Russia}}
[[File:Башкирские казаки в Европе.jpg|thumb|[[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] riders from the Ural steppes]]
Catherine took many different approaches to Islam during her reign. She avoided force and tried persuasion (and money) to integrate Muslim areas into her empire.{{sfn|Fisher|1968}} Between 1762 and 1773, Muslims were prohibited from owning any Orthodox serfs. They were pressured into Orthodoxy through monetary incentives. Catherine promised more serfs of all religions, as well as amnesty for convicts, if Muslims chose to convert to Orthodoxy. However, the Legislative Commission of 1767 offered several seats to people professing the Islamic faith. This commission promised to protect their religious rights, but did not do so. Many Orthodox peasants felt threatened by the sudden change, and burned mosques as a sign of their displeasure.

Catherine chose to assimilate Islam into the state rather than eliminate it when public outcry became too disruptive. After the "Toleration of All Faiths" Edict of 1773, Muslims were permitted to build [[mosque]]s and practise all of their traditions, the most obvious of these being the pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], which previously had been denied. Catherine created the [[Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly]] to help regulate Muslim-populated regions as well as regulate the instruction and ideals of mullahs. The positions on the Assembly were appointed and paid for by Catherine and her government as a way of regulating religious affairs.{{sfn|Fisher|1968|pp=546–548}}
[[File:Russian Empire 1792 Map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Russian Empire in 1792]]
In 1785, Catherine approved the subsidising of new mosques and new town settlements for Muslims. This was another attempt to organise and passively control the outer fringes of her country. By building new settlements with mosques placed in them, Catherine attempted to ground many of the nomadic people who wandered through southern Russia. In 1786, she assimilated the Islamic schools into the Russian public school system under government regulation. The plan was another attempt to force nomadic people to settle. This allowed the Russian government to control more people, especially those who previously had not fallen under the jurisdiction of Russian law.{{sfnm|Madariaga|1981|1pp=508–511|Fisher|1968|2p=549}}