Editing Cartridge (firearms) (section)

==Common cartridges==
[[File:Handguncalibercomparison.jpg|right|thumb|A variety of common pistol cartridges. From left to right: [[22 LR]], [[.22 WMR]], [[5.7×28mm]], [[25 ACP]], [[7.62×25mm Tokarev]], [[32 ACP]], [[380 ACP]], [[9×19mm Parabellum]], [[357 SIG]], [[40 S&W]], [[45 GAP]], [[45 ACP]], [[.38 Special]], [[357 Magnum]], [[45 Colt]]]]

{{Main|Table of handgun and rifle cartridges by year}}
Ammunition types are listed numerically.
* [[.22 Long Rifle]] (22 LR): A round that is often used for target shooting and the hunting of small game such as squirrels. Because of the small size of this round, the smallest self-defence handguns chambered in 22 rimfire (though less effective than most centrefire handguns cartridges) can be concealed in situations where a handgun chambered for a centerfire cartridge could not. The .22 LR is the most commonly fired sporting arms cartridge, primarily because, when compared to any centerfire ammunition, .22 LR ammunition is much less expensive and because recoil generated by the light .22 bullet at modest velocity is very mild.
* [[.22-250 Remington]]: A very popular round for medium to long range small game and varmint hunting, pest control, and target shooting. The 22–250 is one of the most popular rounds for fox hunting and other pest control in Western Europe due to its flat trajectory and very good accuracy on rabbit to fox-sized pests.
* [[.300 Winchester Magnum]]: One of the most popular big game hunting rounds of all time. Also, as a long-range sniping round, it is favored by [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs]] and the German [[Bundeswehr]]. While not in the same class as the [[.338 Lapua Magnum]], it has roughly the same power as [[7 mm Remington Magnum]], and easily exceeds the performance of [[7.62×51 mm NATO]].
* [[.30-06 Springfield]] (7.62×63 mm): The standard US Army rifle round for the first half of the 20th century. It is a full-power rifle round suitable for hunting most North American game and most big game worldwide.<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 =Hatcher
 | first1 =Julian
 | last2 =Barr
 | first2 =Al
 | last3 =Neuman
 | first3 =Charles L.
 | title =Reloading Information
 | publisher=[[National Rifle Association of America]]
 | volume =1
 | year =1951
 | location =Washington, D.C.
 | pages =71–78
 }}</ref>
* [[.303 British]]: the standard [[British Empire]] military rifle cartridge from 1888 to 1954.<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 =Barr
 | first1 =Al
 | last2 =Teesdale
 | first2 =Jerald
 | last3 =Keith
 | first3 =Elmer
 | last4 =Hardaway
 | first4 =Ben F.
 | title =Reloading Information
 | publisher=[[National Rifle Association of America]]
 | volume =2
 | year =1951
 | location =Washington, D.C.
 | pages =51&52
 }}</ref>
* [[.308 Winchester]]: the commercial name of a centerfire cartridge based on the military [[7.62×51 mm NATO]] round. Two years prior to the NATO adoption of the 7.62×51 mm NATO T65 in 1954, Winchester (a subsidiary of the Olin Corporation) branded the round and introduced it to the commercial hunting market as the .308 Winchester. The Winchester Model 70 and Model 88 rifles were subsequently chambered for this round. Since then, the 308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action big-game hunting round worldwide. It is also commonly used for civilian and military target events, military sniping, and police sharpshooting.
* [[.357 Magnum]]: Using a lengthened version of the [[.38 Special]] case that was loaded to about twice the maximum chamber pressure of the.38 Special and was rapidly accepted for use by hunters and law enforcement officers. At the time of its introduction, .357 Magnum bullets were claimed to easily pierce the steel body panels of automobiles and crack engine blocks (to disable the vehicle).<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 =Barr
 | first1 =Al
 | last2 =Teesdale
 | first2 =Jerald
 | last3 =Keith
 | first3 =Elmer
 | last4 =Hardaway
 | first4 =Ben F.
 | title =Reloading Information
 | publisher=[[National Rifle Association of America]]
 | volume =2
 | year =1951
 | location =Washington, D.C.
 | pages =77–83
 }}</ref>
* [[.375 Holland & Holland Magnum]]: designed for hunting African big game in the early 20th century and legislated as the minimum diameter rifle caliber for African big game hunting during the mid-20th century<ref name=AH375HNH>{{cite web|last=Gunyana |title=Classic African Cartridges Part X – The .375 H&H Magnum |url=http://www.huntnetwork.net/modules/wfsection/html/Ahclassic%20African%20Cartridge%20Pt10.pdf |work=African Hunter Magazine |publisher=African Hunter |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225044443/https://www.huntnetwork.net/modules/wfsection/html/Ahclassic%20African%20Cartridge%20Pt10.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
* [[.40 S&W]]: A shorter-cased version of the [[10mm Auto]].
* [[.44 Magnum]]: A high-powered pistol round designed primarily for hunting.
* [[.45 ACP]]: The standard US pistol round for about 75 years. Typical .45 ACP loads are subsonic.<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 =Hatcher
 | first1 =Julian
 | last2 =Barr
 | first2 =Al
 | last3 =Neuman
 | first3 =Charles L.
 | title =Reloading Information
 | publisher=[[National Rifle Association of America]]
 | volume =1
 | year =1951
 | location =Washington, D.C.
 | pages =93–97
 }}</ref>
* [[.45 Colt]]: a more powerful 45-calibre revolver round using a longer cartridge. The .45 Colt was designed for the [[Colt Single Action Army]] and adopted by the US Army in 1873. Other 45-calibre single-action and double-action revolvers also use this round.
* [[.45-70 Government]]: Adopted by the US Army in 1873 as their standard service rifle cartridge for the [[Springfield Model 1873]] rifle. Most commercial loadings of this cartridge are constrained by the possibility that someone might attempt to fire a modern loading in a vintage rifle or replica. However, current production rifles from Marlin, Ruger, and Browning can accept loads that generate nearly twice the pressure generated by the original black powder cartridges.
* [[.50 BMG]] (12.7×99 mm NATO): Originally designed to destroy aircraft in the First World War,<ref>{{Citation |last=Chinn |first=George M. |title=The Machine Gun: History, Evolution and Development of Manually Operated, Full Automatic, and Power Driven Aircraft Machine Guns |year=1951 |volume=1 |publisher=Department of the Navy, Bureau of Ordnance }}, p. 333</ref> this round still serves an anti-materiel round against light armor. It is used in heavy machine guns and high-powered sniper rifles. Such rifles can be used, amongst other things, for destroying military [[matériel]] such as sensitive parts of grounded aircraft and armored transports. Civilian shooters use these for long-distance target shooting.
* [[5.45×39 mm]] Soviet: The Soviet adaptation of the [[5.56×45 mm NATO]] round.
* [[5.56×45 mm NATO]]: Adopted by the US military in the 1960s, it later became the NATO standard rifle round in the early 1980s, displacing the [[7.62×51 mm]]. Remington later adopted this military round as the [[.223 Remington]], a very popular round for small game hunting.
* [[7×64 mm]]: One of the most popular long-range game hunting rounds in Europe, especially in the countries such as France and (formerly) Belgium where the possession of firearms chambered for a (former) military round is forbidden or is more heavily restricted. This round is offered by European rifle makers in both bolt-action rifles and a rimmed version. The 7×65 mmR is chambered in double and combination rifles. Another reason for its popularity is its flat trajectory, very good penetration, and high versatility, depending on what bullet and load are used. Combined with a large choice of different 7&nbsp;mm bullets available the 7×64mm is used on everything from fox and [[geese]] to [[red deer]], Scandinavian [[moose]] and European [[brown bear]] equivalent to the North American black bear. The 7×64mm essentially duplicates the performance of the 270 Winchester and 280 Remington.
* [[7 mm Remington Magnum]]: A long-range hunting round.
* [[7.62×39mm]]: The standard Soviet/ComBloc rifle round from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s, this is easily one of the most widely distributed rounds in the world due to the distribution of the ubiquitous [[Mikhail Kalashnikov|Kalashnikov]] [[AK-47]] series.
* [[7.62×51mm NATO]]: This was the standard NATO rifle round until its replacement by the 5.56×45mm. It is currently the standard NATO sniper rifle and medium machinegun chambering. In the 1950s, it was the standard NATO round for rifles, but recoil and weight proved problematic for the new [[battle rifle]] designs such as the [[FN FAL]]. Standardized commercially as the 308 Winchester.
* [[7.62×54mmR]]: The standard Russian rifle round from the 1890s to the mid-1940s. The "R" stands for rimmed. The 7.62×54mmR rifle round is a Russian design dating back to 1891. Originally designed for the Mosin-Nagant rifle, it was used during the late Tsarist era and throughout the Soviet period, in machine guns and rifles such as the SVT-40. The Winchester Model 1895 was also chambered for this cartridge per contract with the Russian government. It is still in use by the Russian military in the Dragunov and other sniper rifles and some machine guns. The round is colloquially known as the "7.62 Russian". This name sometimes causes people to confuse this round with the "7.62 Soviet" round, which refers to the 7.62&nbsp;×&nbsp;39 round used in the SKS and AK-47 rifles.
* [[32 ACP|7.65×17mm Browning SR]] (32 ACP): A very small pistol round. However, this was the predominant Police Service round in Europe until the mid-1970s. The "SR" stands for semi-rimmed, meaning the case rim is slightly larger than the case body diameter.
* [[7.92×57mm Mauser|8×57mm IS]]: The standard German service rifle round from 1888 to 1945, the 8×57mmIS (aka 8&nbsp;mm Mauser) has seen wide distribution around the globe through commercial, surplus, and military sales, and is still a popular and commonly used hunting round in most of Europe, partly because of the abundance of affordable hunting rifles in this chambering as well as a broad availability of different hunting, target, and military surplus ammunition available.<ref>{{cite book
 | last1 =Hatcher
 | first1 =Julian
 | last2 =Barr
 | first2 =Al
 | last3 =Neuman
 | first3 =Charles L.
 | title =Reloading Information
 | publisher=[[National Rifle Association of America]]
 | volume =1
 | year =1951
 | location =Washington, D.C.
 | pages =79–84
 }}</ref>
* [[9×19mm Parabellum]]: Invented for the German military at the turn of the 20th century, the wide distribution of the 9×19mm Parabellum round made it the logical choice for the NATO standard pistol and [[Submachine gun]] round.
* [[9.3×62mm]]: Very common big game hunting round in Scandinavia along with the [[6.5×55mm]], where it is used as a very versatile hunting round on anything from small and medium game with lightweight cast lead bullets to the largest European big game with heavy soft point hunting bullets. The 9.3×62mm is also very popular in the rest of Europe for Big game, especially driven Big game hunts due to its effective stopping power on running game. And, it is the single round smaller than the 375 H&H Magnum that has routinely been allowed for legal hunting of dangerous African species.
* [[12.7×108mm]]: The 12.7×108mm round is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle round used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries. It is the approximate Russian equivalent of the NATO .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO) round. The differences between the two are the bullet shape, the types of powder used, and that the case of the 12.7×108mm is 9&nbsp;mm longer and marginally more powerful.
* [[14.5×114mm]]: The 14.5×114&nbsp;mm is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle round used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries. Its most common use is in the [[KPV heavy machine gun]] found on several Russian Military vehicles.

===Snake shot===
[[File:.22LR ratshot.jpg|thumb|upright=.5|CCI .22LR snake shot loaded with No. 12 shot]]
{{Main|Snake shot}}

''Snake shot'' (AKA: ''bird shot'', ''rat shot'' and ''dust shot'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/guidetotaxidermy00reed#page/22/mode/2up/|title=Guide to taxidermy|pages=22–23|author=Reed, C.K. & C.A. Reed|year=1914|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320164421/http://archive.org/stream/guidetotaxidermy00reed#page/22/mode/2up/|archive-date=20 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> refers to handgun and rifle rounds loaded with small [[lead shot]]. Snake shot is generally used for shooting at snakes, rodents, birds, and other [[Pest (organism)|pests]] at very close range.

The most common snake shot cartridge is [[.22 Long Rifle]] loaded with No. 12 shot. From a standard rifle these can produce effective patterns only to a distance of about {{convert|3|m|ft|-1}} – but in a smoothbore shotgun this can extend as far as {{convert|15|m|ft|-1}}.

===Caseless ammunition===
{{Main|Caseless ammunition}}
[[File:4.73x33 Caseless-crop.jpg|thumb|left|An example of caseless ammunition. This disassembled round, the 4.73×33mm, is used in the [[Heckler & Koch G11]] rifle.]]

Many governments and companies continue to develop caseless ammunition {{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} (where the entire case assembly is either consumed when the round fires or whatever remains is ejected with the bullet). So far, none has been successful enough to reach the civilian market and gain commercial success. Even within the military market, use is limited. Around 1848, [[Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company|Sharps]] introduced a rifle and paper cartridge (containing everything but the primer) system. When new, these guns had significant gas leaks at the chamber end, and with use these leaks progressively worsened. This problem plagues caseless cartridges and gun systems to this day.

The [[Daisy V/L|Daisy Heddon VL Single Shot Rifle]], which used a caseless round in .22 caliber, was produced by the air gun company, beginning in 1968. Apparently, Daisy never considered the gun an actual firearm. In 1969, the ATF ruled it was in fact a firearm, which Daisy was not licensed to produce. Production of the guns and the ammo was discontinued in 1969. They are still available on the secondary market, mainly as collector items, as most owners report that accuracy is not very good.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://everything2.com/title/Daisy+V%252FL |title=Daisy V/L |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005223625/http://everything2.com/title/Daisy+V%252FL |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1989, [[Heckler & Koch]], a prominent German firearms manufacturer, began advertising the [[G11 assault rifle]], which shot a 4.73×33 square caseless round. The round was mechanically fired, with an integral primer.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

In 1993 [[Voere]] of Austria began selling a gun and caseless ammunition. Their system used a primer, [[electronic firing|electronically fired]] at 17.5 ± 2 [[volt]]s. The upper and lower limits prevent fire from either stray currents or [[static electricity]]. The direct electrical firing eliminates the mechanical delays associated with a striker, reducing [[lock time]] and allowing for easier adjustment of the rifle trigger.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

In both instances, the "case" was molded directly from solid [[nitrocellulose]], which is itself relatively strong and inert. The bullet and primer were glued into the propellant block.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

===Trounds===
[[File:Dardick 1500 with trounds (29432934078).jpg|thumb|Dardick 1500 with Trounds]]
{{Main|Dardick tround}}
The "Tround" ("Triangular Round") was a unique type of cartridge designed in 1958 by David Dardick, for use in specially designed Dardick 1100 and Dardick 1500 open-chamber firearms. As their name suggests, Trounds were triangular in cross-section and were made of plastic or aluminum, with the cartridge completely encasing the powder and projectile. The Tround design was also produced as a cartridge adaptor, to allow conventional [[.38 Special]] and [[22 Long Rifle]] cartridges to be used with the Dardick firearms.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

===Eco-friendly cartridges===
They are meant to prevent pollution and are mostly biodegradable (metals being the exception) or fully. They are also meant to be used on older guns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribehound.com/cartridges/s/non-toxic-shotgun-cartridges/are-these-the-most-eco-friendly-cartridges-on-the-market?ref=related|title=GunsOnPegs|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206174504/https://www.scribehound.com/cartridges/s/non-toxic-shotgun-cartridges/are-these-the-most-eco-friendly-cartridges-on-the-market?ref=related|url-status=live}}</ref>