Editing Brown bear (section)

==Relations with humans==

===Attacks on humans===
{{Main|Bear attack}}
{{See also|Bear danger}}
<!--[[File:Papyrus_Oxyrhychus_2470_-_British_Library_papyrus_3053_-_illumination_-_bear.png|thumb|Ancient depiction of a brown bear in the arena ([[Papyrus 3053]])]]-->
[[File:Sankebetsu BrownBear01.png|thumb|A statue of the Ussuri brown bear from Hokkaido, Japan|alt=A statue of a roaring bear looking over a fence|left]]

Brown bears usually avoid areas where extensive development or urbanization has occurred.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woodroffe, R. |title=Predators and people: Using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=165 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00241.x |url=http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/W/Woodroffe_2000_Human_density_and_carnivore_declines.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/W/Woodroffe_2000_Human_density_and_carnivore_declines.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |year=2000|bibcode=2000AnCon...3..165W |s2cid=84430290 }}</ref> They usually avoid people and rarely attack on sight.<ref name="Kistchinski">{{cite journal |author=Kistchinski, A. A. |title='Life history of the brown bear (''Ursus arctos'' L.) in north-east Siberia |journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=2 |pages=67–73 |doi=10.2307/3872570 |jstor=3872570 |year=1972}}</ref> They are, however, unpredictable in temperament, and may attack if threatened or surprised.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Herrero |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN158574557X |title=Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance |date=2002 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |isbn=978-1-58574-557-9 |pages=10–25 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, being responsible for 70% of brown bear-caused human fatalities in North America.<ref>{{citation |last=Rogers |first=Lynn L. |url=http://www.bear.org/Black/Articles/How_Dangerous_are_Black_Bears.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021016041143/http://www.bear.org/Black/Articles/How_Dangerous_are_Black_Bears.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2002 |title=How Dangerous are Black Bears |publisher=Bear.org}}</ref> Attacks tend to result in serious injury and, in some cases, death.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the bears' enormous physical strength, a single bite or swipe can be deadly.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12676309 |year=2003 |last1=Cardall |first1=T. Y. |title=Grizzly bear attack |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=331–333 |last2=Rosen |first2=P. |doi=10.1016/s0736-4679(03)00004-0}}</ref> Violent encounters with brown bears usually last a few minutes, though they can be prolonged if the victims fight back.<ref name=":0" />

A study conducted in 2019 found that 664 bear attacks were reported during a 15-year period (2000{{endash}}2015) throughout North America and Eurasia. There were 568 injuries and 95 fatalities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Bombieri |first1=G. |last2=Naves |first2=J. |last3=Penteriani |first3=V. |last4=Selva |first4=N. |last5=Fernández-Gil |first5=A. |last6=López-Bao |first6=J. V. |last7=Ambarli |first7=H. |last8=Bautista |first8=C. |last9=Bespalova |first9=T. |last10=Bobrov |first10=V. |last11=Bolshakov |first11=V. |last12=Bondarchuk |first12=S. |last13=Camarra |first13=J. J. |last14=Chiriac |first14=S. |last15=Ciucci |first15=P. |date=2019-06-12 |title=Brown bear attacks on humans: a worldwide perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=8573 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44341-w |pmid=31189927 |pmc=6562097 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.8573B |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Around 10 people a year are killed by brown bears in Russia, more than all the other parts of the brown bear's range combined.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dinets |first=Vladimir |url=http://dinets.travel.ru/russianbears.htm |title=Brown Bears of Russia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215051532/http://dinets.travel.ru/russianbears.htm|archive-date=15 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Japan, a large brown bear nicknamed ''Kesagake'' ("[[Kasaya (clothing)#Kesa in Japanese Buddhism|kesa]]-style slasher") caused the [[Sankebetsu brown bear incident|worst brown bear attack in Japanese history]] in [[Tomamae, Hokkaido]], during numerous encounters during December 1915. It killed seven people and wounded three others before being gunned down during a large-scale beast-hunt.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dickman, A. J. |author2=Hazzah, L. |year=2016|chapter=Money, Myths and Man-Eaters: Complexities of Human–Wildlife Conflict|title=Problematic Wildlife |pages=339–356|publisher= Springer|isbn=978-3-319-22246-2 }}</ref> A study by U.S. and Canadian researchers has found [[bear spray]] to be more effective at stopping aggressive bear behavior than guns, working in 92% of studied incidents, versus 67% for guns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bear.org/website/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=202&Itemid=123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101181640/http://www.bear.org/website/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=202&Itemid=123 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |title=Spray more effective than guns against bears: study |publisher=North American Bear Center |author1=Smith, Herrero |author2=DeBruyn, Wilde |year=2008}}</ref>

=== Bear hunting ===
{{main article|Bear hunting}}
[[File:Big game shooting in Alaska (1904) (14563941268).jpg|thumb|Hunters with a bear killed by a rifle (1904)]]

Humans have been recorded hunting brown bears for over 10,300–9,300 years. Bears were hunted throughout their range in Europe, Asia and North America by both the Native Americans and Europeans. The former usually killed bears for survival needs, while the latter for sports or population control.<ref>McLaren, Duncan & Wigen, Rebecca & Mackie, Quentin & Fedje, Daryl. (2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277232151_Bear_Hunting_at_the_PleistoceneHolocene_Transition_on_the_Northern_Northwest_Coast_of_North_America Bear Hunting at the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition on the Northern Northwest Coast of North America.] pp. 4–23</ref><ref name=":5" /> In Europe, between the 17th and 18th centuries, humans sought to control brown bear numbers by awarding those who managed to kill one. This bounty scheme pushed the brown bear population to the brink of extinction before comprehensive protection was offered in the 1900s. Despite this, a 2018 study found hunting to be one of the contributing factors to the drop in brown bear numbers in [[northern Europe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bischof |first1=Richard |last2=Bonenfant |first2=Christophe |last3=Rivrud |first3=Inger Maren |last4=Zedrosser |first4=Andreas |last5=Friebe |first5=Andrea |last6=Coulson |first6=Tim |last7=Mysterud |first7=Atle |last8=Swenson |first8=Jon E. |date=January 2018 |title=Regulated hunting re-shapes the life history of brown bears |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0400-7 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=116–123 |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0400-7 |pmid=29230025 |hdl=10852/67379 |s2cid=3288368 |issn=2397-334X|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The earliest known case of a European killing a grizzly bear dates back to 1691. Their arrival in [[western United States]] led to the [[Local extinction|extirpation]] of local brown bear populations in the 19th and early 20th centuries. During the early years of European settlement in North America, bears were usually killed with a spear or [[Lasso|lasso rope]]. The introduction of [[rifle]]s in the mid-19th century largely facilitated bear hunts, which allowed for an increasing trend. Bears were also pitted into fights against male [[cattle]], often ending with either animal grievously injured or dead. The last two decades of the 19th century saw an increase in [[Bounty hunter|bounties]]. Conflicts with farmers also contributed to its rapid decline. It wasn't until the 1920s that grizzly bears received some type of protection from the US government.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Busch |first=Robert (Robert H. ) |url=http://archive.org/details/grizzlyalmanac0000busc |title=The grizzly almanac |date=2004 |publisher=Guilford, Conn. : The Lyons Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-59228-320-0 |pages=98–126}}</ref> Today, brown bears are legally hunted in some [[U.S. state|American states]], such as [[Alaska]]. However, a [[hunting license]] is required and killings of nurturing females and cubs will result in a prison sentence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albert |first1=David M. |last2=Bowyer |first2=R. Terry |last3=Miller |first3=Sterling D. |date=2001 |title=Effort and Success of Brown Bear Hunters in Alaska |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784174 |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=501–508 |jstor=3784174 |issn=0091-7648}}</ref>

Brown bear meat is sometimes consumed and used in recipes such as dumplings, hams and stews. The Indigenous people of [[East Cree|James Bay (Eastern) Cree]] use their flesh in traditional dishes. In Asia and Romania, the paws are consumed as exotic delectables; they have been a prevalent component of [[Chinese cuisine|traditional Chinese food]] since 500 BC. The total weight of commercially sold brown bear meat is estimated at 17 tons annually.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelava Ugarković |first1=Nikolina |last2=Konjačić |first2=Miljenko |last3=Malnar |first3=Josip |last4=Tomljanović |first4=Kristijan |last5=Šprem |first5=Nikica |last6=Ugarković |first6=Damir |date=January 2021 |title=Proximate Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Qualitative Indices of Brown Bear Meat |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=36 |doi=10.3390/foods10010036 |doi-access=free |pmid=33374425 |pmc=7824718 |issn=2304-8158}}</ref>

=== In captivity ===
[[File:180 bear at Canton Zoo.jpg|thumb|Brown bear at [[Canton Zoo]], US|right]]

Bears have been recorded in [[captivity]] as early as 1,500 [[Before Christ|BC]].<ref name=":4" /> As of 2017, there are more than 700 brown bears in [[zoo]]s and [[Safari park|wildlife parks]] worldwide. Captive bears are largely lethargic and spend a considerable amount of time doing nothing. When active, captive bears may engage in repetitive back and forth motion, known widely as pacing. This behavior is most prevalent in bears kept in small, cramped cages often with no natural setting. Pacing is a way of coping with stress that comes with being trapped in unnaturally small spaces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pastorino |first1=Giovanni Quintavalle |last2=Christodoulides |first2=Yiannis |last3=Curone |first3=Giulio |last4=Pearce-Kelly |first4=Paul |last5=Faustini |first5=Massimo |last6=Albertini |first6=Mariangela |last7=Preziosi |first7=Richard |last8=Mazzola |first8=Silvia Michela |date=May 2017 |title=Behavioural Profiles of Brown and Sloth Bears in Captivity |journal=Animals |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=39 |doi=10.3390/ani7050039 |doi-access=free |pmid=28505095 |pmc=5447921 |issn=2076-2615}}</ref> These [[Stereotypical behavior|stereotyped behavior]]s have decreased due to better and larger enclosures being built, and more sustainable management from zoo staff.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Montaudouin |first1=S. |last2=Pape |first2=G. Le |date=2005-07-01 |title=Comparison between 28 zoological parks: stereotypic and social behaviours of captive brown bears (Ursus arctos) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159104002722 |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=129–141 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2004.10.015 |issn=0168-1591}}</ref>

Starting from infancy, brown bears may also be exploited as [[Tame bear|dancing bears]]. Cubs, for example, are positioned on hot metal plates, causing them to "dance" to the sound of [[violin]] music running in the background. The process is repeated, resulting in bears being trained to "dance" when a violin is played. Similarly, brown bears are displayed in tiny enclosures near a restaurant, mainly for the purpose of luring customers. Privately owned bears are also placed in insufficient environments and often suffer from [[malnutrition]] and [[obesity]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stagni |first1=Elena |last2=Sequeira |first2=Sara |last3=Brscic |first3=Marta |last4=Redtenbacher |first4=Irene |last5=Hartmann |first5=Sabine |date=2023-12-13 |title=A retrospective study on the prevalence of main clinical findings in brown bears (Ursus arctos) rescued from substandard husbandry conditions |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |volume=10 |page=1299029 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2023.1299029 |doi-access=free |issn=2297-1769 |pmid=38192718|pmc=10773888 }}</ref> 

[[File:Berenleider - Animal trainer with performing bear (3280639349).jpg|thumb|Animal trainer with a bear|left]]

Brown bears have been popular attractions at [[circus]]es and other acts since ancient times. Due to their large size and imposing demeanor, the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] used brown bears in the execution of criminals, and pitted bears in fights with other animals. [[Gladiator]]s would also fight bears, in what was essentially a fight to the death. Such events occurred in [[amphitheater]]s housing thousands of spectators. In later times, street performances became popular in the [[Middle Ages]]; acts included "dancing" and "sleeping on command". These performances became increasingly widespread, and from the 1700s to 1800s, traveling circuses would perform in the streets of many European and Asian countries. Such circuses made use of bears that wore special clothing, and were usually run by [[musician]]s. A short while later, modern circuses began utilizing bears around the second half of the 18th century. Brown bears were said to be the easiest bear species to train due to their intelligence, unique personalities, and exceptional stability.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Gary |url=http://archive.org/details/greatbearalmanac0000brow |title=The great bear almanac |date=1993 |publisher=New York : Lyons & Burford |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-55821-210-7 |pages=212–221}}</ref> According to a 2009 analysis, the brown bear was the second most exploited circus animal after the tiger.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iossa |first1=G. |last2=Soulsbury |first2=C. D. |last3=Harris |first3=S. |date=May 2009 |title=Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life? |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-welfare/article/abs/are-wild-animals-suited-to-a-travelling-circus-life/C76563EC6154E70AF3DB8A33832349C3 |journal=Animal Welfare |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–140 |doi=10.1017/S0962728600000270 |s2cid=32259865 |issn=0962-7286}}</ref>

===Culture===
{{further information|Cultural depictions of bears}}
{{Multiple images
| image1            = The Three Bears - Project Gutenberg etext 19993.jpg
| caption1          = "[[The Story of the Three Bears]]", illustration from ''Childhood's Favorites and Fairy Stories''
| image2            = A house of cards, Puck cover.jpg
| caption2          = [[Russia]] is often represented by a bear, as in this ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'' political cartoon from 1904.
| alt1              = The image shows three bears standing in a house
| alt2              = The image shows a bear behind a house of cards
}}

Bears have been popular subjects in art, literature, folklore, and mythology. The image of the mother bear was prevalent throughout societies in North America and Eurasia, based on the female's devotion and protection of her cubs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Paul |last2=Kynaston |first2=Suzanne |year=1995 |title=Wild Bears of the World |url={{GBurl|3dJ9QgAACAAJ}} |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-3245-7 |oclc=443610490|pages=12–13}}</ref> The earliest cave paintings of bears occurred in the [[Paleolithic]], with over 100 recorded paintings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Swart |first=Herman |date=2004 |title=Cave bears in prehistoric art; a survey from the literature |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/mhnly_1762-8024_2004_act_2_1_1405 |journal=Publications du musée des Confluences |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=121–128}}</ref> Brown bears often figure in the literature of Europe and North America as "cute and cuddly", in particular that which is written for children. "[[The Brown Bear of Norway]]" is a Scottish [[fairy tale]] telling of the adventures of a girl who married a prince magically turned into a bear and who managed to get him back into a human form by the force of her love after many trials and tribulations. With "[[Goldilocks and the Three Bears]]", a story from England, the Three Bears are usually depicted as brown bears. In German-speaking countries, children are often told the fairytale of "[[Snow White and Rose Red]]"; the handsome prince in this tale has been transfigured into a brown bear. In the United States, parents often read their preschool age children the book ''[[Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?]]'' to teach them their colors and how they are associated with different animals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Newman, A. R. |year=1987|title= Images of the bear in Children's Literature|journal=Children's Literature in Education|volume=18|issue=#3|pages=131–138|doi=10.1007/bf01130991|s2cid=143882256}}</ref> [[Smokey Bear]], the famous mascot of [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]], has since the 1940s been used to educate people on the dangers of human-caused [[wildfire]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gomaa |first=Sally |date=2012 |title=Visual Rhetorical Analysis: The Case of Smokey Bear |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41709687 |journal=JAC |volume=32 |issue=1/2 |pages=354–361 |jstor=41709687 |issn=2162-5190}}</ref>

Brown bears have been extensively featured in the culture of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], and are considered sacred. To stop a bear's spirit from escaping after it was killed, the [[Koyukon|Denaa people]] severed all 4 of its paws. They delayed consuming brown-bear flesh, owing to the belief that the bear's spirit was overwhelming in fresh kills. In addition, community members that wore [[Native American jewelry|bear claw necklaces]] were highly respected, as wearing one was seen as a sign of bravery and honor. The clattering caused by repeatedly shaking these necklaces were believed to bring forth therapeutic powers. In [[Haida people|Haida culture]], one legend has it that a marriage between a woman and a grizzly bear commenced the lineage of the native people. This is thought to have allowed the Haida to thrive in bear country.<ref name=":5" />

There is evidence of prehistoric [[bear worship]], though this is disputed by archaeologists.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wunn | first=Ina | s2cid=53595088 | year=2000 | title=Beginning of Religion | journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]] | volume=47 | number=4 | pages=417–452 | doi=10.1163/156852700511612}}</ref> It is possible that bear worship existed in early Chinese and [[Ainu religion|Ainu culture]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Concepts behind the Ainu Bear Festival (Kumamatsuri) | first1=Kyōsuke |last1=Kindaichi | first2=Minori |last2=Yoshida | journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=5 |number=4 | date=Winter 1949 | pages=345–350 | jstor=3628594 | doi=10.1086/soutjanth.5.4.3628594| s2cid=155380619 }}</ref> The Romans built small carved figures of bears that were used during the burials of infants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Regan |first=Hannah |date=2023-09-04 |title=Brown bears in burials and entertainment in later prehistoric to modern Britain (c. 2400 BC – AD 1900s) |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/5365593 |journal=The Archaeology of Northern Europe |pages=187–208 |language=en |doi=10.1484/M.TANE-EB.5.134334|isbn=978-2-503-60611-8 }}</ref> In [[Greek mythology|Ancient Greek mythology]], bears were considered similar to humans, mainly due to their ability to stand upright. In many [[Western literature|western stories]] and older [[fable]]s the portrayed attributes of bears are sluggishness, foolishness, and gullibility, which contradicts the actual behavior of the species. For example, bears have been reported tricking hunters by backtracking in the snow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bieder |first=Robert E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_xAQAAQBAJ&dq=info:93InEY8_ozcJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PT8 |title=Bear|entry=Survivors |date=2005-08-18 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-482-3 |language=en}}</ref> 

In North America, the brown bear is considered a [[charismatic megafauna]] and has long piqued people's interest. The death of Bear 148 at the hands of a trophy hunter in 2017 sparked media outrage and the continued disapproval of trophy hunting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=Courtney |last2=Foote |first2=Lee |last3=Yarmey |first3=Nicholas T. |last4=Hwang |first4=Christina |last5=Thorlakson |first5=Jessica |last6=Nielsen |first6=Scott |date=April 2020 |title=From human invaders to problem bears: A media content analysis of grizzly bear conservation |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/csp2.176 |bibcode=2020ConSP...2E.176H |issn=2578-4854|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Russian bear]] is a common [[national personification]] for Russia (as well as the former [[Soviet Union]]), despite the country having no officially-designated national animal. The brown bear is Finland's national animal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oppiminen.yle.fi/nisakkaat-muita-selkarankaisia/karhut-ilvekset/karhu-on-suomen-kansalliselain |title=Karhu on Suomen kansalliseläin |date=16 September 2010 |publisher=yle.fi |access-date=18 August 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111235501/http://oppiminen.yle.fi/nisakkaat-muita-selkarankaisia/karhut-ilvekset/karhu-on-suomen-kansalliselain |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riabov |first=Oleg |date=2020 |title=The Birth of the Russian Bear? The Bear Symbol in the Satirical Journals of the Russian Revolution of 1905 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27007706 |journal=Region |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=139–168 |jstor=27007706 |issn=2166-4307}}</ref> The grizzly bear is the state animal of [[Montana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Symbols of Montana |publisher=Montana Historical Society |url=http://mhs.mt.gov/education/studentguide/Symbols.asp |access-date=18 August 2016 |archive-date=18 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218045709/http://mhs.mt.gov/education/studentguide/Symbols.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[California grizzly bear|California golden bear]] is the state animal of California, despite being extinct.<ref name= ca.gov>{{cite web |title=History and Culture – State Symbols |publisher=[[California State Library]] |url=http://www.library.ca.gov/history/symbols.html |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105214315/http://www.library.ca.gov/california-history/state-symbols/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The coat of arms of [[Madrid]] depicts a bear reaching up into a madroño or [[Arbutus unedo|strawberry tree]] (''Arbutus unedo'') to eat some of its fruit. The Swiss city of [[Bern]]'s coat of arms depicts a bear and the city's name is popularly thought to derive from the German word for bear.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deyermond |first=A. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h04IHDeA4bkC&dq=info:hy5lQfAZSAIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA177 |title=Festschrift |date=1997 |publisher=Tamesis |isbn=978-1-85566-051-9 |pages=177–187 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Swenson |first1=Jon E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9553WUdBnYC |title=Action Plan for the Conservation of the Brown Bear in Europe (Ursus Arctos) |last2=Council of Europe |date=2000-01-01 |publisher=Council of Europe |isbn=978-92-871-4426-3 |page=69 |language=en}}</ref> The brown bear is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 5-[[Croatian kuna|kuna]] coin, minted since 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Majić |first1=Aleksandra |last2=Marino Taussig de Bodonia |first2=Agnese |last3=Huber |first3=Đuro |last4=Bunnefeld |first4=Nils |date=December 2011 |title=Dynamics of public attitudes toward bears and the role of bear hunting in Croatia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.005 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=12 |pages=3018–3027 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.005 |bibcode=2011BCons.144.3018M |issn=0006-3207}}</ref>