Editing Broken windows theory (section)

===Relationship between crime and disorder===
According to a study by [[Robert J. Sampson]] and [[Stephen Raudenbush]], the premise on which the theory operates, that social disorder and crime are connected as part of a causal chain, is faulty. They argue that a third factor, collective efficacy, "defined as cohesion among residents combined with shared expectations for the social control of public space," is the cause of varying crime rates observed in an altered neighborhood environment. They also argue that the relationship between public disorder and crime rate is weak.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sampson |first1=Robert J. |last2=Raudenbush |first2=Stephen W |title=Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods |journal=American Journal of Sociology |date=1 November 1999 |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=603–51 |doi=10.1086/210356 |url=http://crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/NeighborhoodCrime.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.691.8356 |s2cid=35181155 |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921213132/http://crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/NeighborhoodCrime.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the winter 2006 edition of the ''[[University of Chicago Law Review]]'', [[Bernard Harcourt]] and Jens Ludwig looked at the later [[Department of Housing and Urban Development]] program that rehoused inner-city project tenants in New York into more-orderly neighborhoods.<ref name=HarcourtLudwig2006/> The broken windows theory would suggest that these tenants would commit less crime once moved because of the more stable conditions on the streets. However, Harcourt and Ludwig found that the tenants continued to commit crimes at the same rate. Another tack was taken by a 2010 study questioning the theory's legitimacy concerning the subjectivity of disorder as perceived by persons living in neighborhoods. It concentrated on whether citizens view disorder as separate from crime or identical to it. The study noted that crime cannot be the result of disorder if the two are identical, agreed that disorder provided evidence of "convergent validity" and concluded that broken windows theory misinterprets the relationship between disorder and crime.{{Sfn | Gau | Pratt | 2010}}