Editing Belief (section)

===Forms===
A popular view holds that different religions each have identifiable and exclusive sets of beliefs or [[creed]]s, but surveys of religious belief have often found that the official doctrine and descriptions of the beliefs offered by religious authorities do not always agree with the privately held beliefs of those who identify as members of a particular religion.<ref>{{cite book | title = An empiricist's view of the nature of religious belief | publisher = Norwood Editions (Norwood, Pa.) | author = Braithwaite, R.B. | year = 1975 | isbn = 978-0883059555}}</ref> For a broad classification of the kinds of religious belief, see below.

====Fundamentalism====
{{Main|Religious fundamentalism}}
First self-applied as a term to the conservative doctrine outlined by anti-modernist [[Protestants]] in the United States,<ref name="A.C. Dixon">{{cite web |date= 2012-11-27 |url = http://user.xmission.com/~fidelis/volume1/volume1.php |title = The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth |access-date = 2012-11-28 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121203144842/http://user.xmission.com/~fidelis/volume1/volume1.php |archive-date = 3 December 2012 }}</ref> "fundamentalism" in religious terms denotes strict adherence to an interpretation of scriptures that are generally associated with theologically conservative positions or traditional understandings of the text and are distrustful of innovative readings, new revelation, or alternative interpretations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bruce|first=Steve|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1001942770|title=Fundamentalism|date=2008|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0745640754|oclc=1001942770}}</ref> Religious fundamentalism has been identified{{by whom|date=November 2017}} in the media as being associated with [[fanaticism|fanatical]] or [[zealotry|zealous]] political movements around the world that have used a strict adherence to a particular religious doctrine as a means to establish political identity and to enforce societal norms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fox|first=Jonathan|date=2018-02-13|title=An Introduction to Religion and Politics|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315183787|doi=10.4324/9781315183787|isbn=978-1315183787}}</ref>

====Orthodoxy====
{{Main|Orthodoxy}}
First used in the context of [[Early Christianity]], the term "orthodoxy" relates to religious belief that closely follows the edicts, [[apologetics|apologies]], and [[hermeneutics]] of a prevailing religious authority. In the case of Early Christianity, this authority was the communion of bishops, and is often referred to by the term "[[Magisterium]]". The term ''orthodox'' was applied{{when|date= November 2017}} almost as an epithet to a group of Jewish believers who held to pre-Enlightenment understanding of Judaism—now known as [[Orthodox Judaism]]. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] of Christianity and the [[Catholic Church]] each consider themselves to be the true heir to Early Christian belief and practice. The antonym of "orthodox" is "[[heterodox]]", and those adhering to orthodoxy often accuse the heterodox of [[apostasy]], [[schism (religion)|schism]], or [[heresy]].

====Modernism/reform====
The [[Renaissance]] and later the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] in Europe exhibited varying degrees of [[religious tolerance]] and intolerance towards new and old religious ideas. The ''[[philosophes]]'' took particular exception to many of the more fantastical claims of religions and directly challenged religious authority and the prevailing beliefs associated with the established churches. In response to the liberalizing political and social movements, some religious groups attempted to integrate Enlightenment ideals of rationality, equality, and individual liberty into their belief systems, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [[Reform Judaism]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Reform Judaism? |url=https://www.reformjudaism.org/what-reform-judaism |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Reform Judaism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Reform Judaism {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reform-Judaism |access-date=2022-03-27 |newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> and [[Liberal Christianity]] offer two examples of such religious associations.