Editing Balliol College, Oxford (section)

==People associated with Balliol==
===Notable people===
{{main|List of people associated with Balliol College, Oxford}}
A wide range of figures who have contributed deeply to public life were either educated or taught at Balliol. Balliol people were, for example, prominent in establishing the [[International Baccalaureate]], the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], the [[Workers Educational Association]], the [[Sir William Beveridge|welfare state]], the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] and [[Amnesty International]].<ref>Near-complete lists of fellows and students can be found in the published ''Balliol College Register''; the [https://archive.org/details/balliolcollegere01balluoft 1st edition] (1914, covering matriculations 1832–1914), [https://www.flickr.com/photos/balliolarchivist/sets/72157625215890252/ 2nd edition] (1934, covering matriculations 1833–1933) and [https://www.flickr.com/photos/balliolarchivist/sets/72157625267353054/ 3rd edition] (1953, covering matriculations 1900–1950).</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Herbert Henry Asquith.jpg|[[H. H. Asquith]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
File:Edward Heath 4 Allan Warren (cropped).jpg|[[Edward Heath]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
File:Shoghi Effendi2.jpg|[[Shoghi Effendi]], Guardian of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]
File:Aldous Huxley.JPG|[[Aldous Huxley]], writer and philosopher
File:Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg|[[Boris Johnson]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
File:Harold Macmillan in 1961.jpg|[[Harold Macmillan]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
File:Adam Smith The Muir portrait (cropped 2).jpg|[[Adam Smith]], economist and author
File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F040153-0028, Bonn, Pressekonferenz CDU-Vorstand, Weizsäcker.jpg|[[Richard von Weizsäcker]], former [[President of Germany]]
</gallery>

[[File:Linus Pauling 1962.jpg|alt=|thumb|308x308px|[[Linus Pauling]]: The only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes.<ref>"Nobel Prize Facts". ''Nobel Prize''. 2022-04-12 [2009-10-05]. Archived from the original on 2017-01-11. Retrieved 2022-04-13.</ref>]]
[[File:Baruch Samuel Blumberg by Tom Trower (NASA).jpg|thumb|[[Baruch Samuel Blumberg|Barry Blumberg]]: The scientific director at the Fox Chase Cancer Centre said "I think it's fair to say that Barry prevented more cancer deaths than any person who's ever lived".<ref>Emma Brown (6 April 2011). "Nobelist Baruch Blumberg, who discovered hepatitis B, dies at 85". ''The Washington Post''. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 April 2011.</ref>]]
'''<big>Nobel Prize winners</big>'''

Five former Balliol students and seven fellows became Nobel Laureates, with Linus Pauling winning two Nobel Prizes.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Name
!Field
!Year
|-
|[[Linus Pauling]]
|Chemistry
|1954
|-
|[[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]]
|Chemistry
|1956
|-
|[[George Beadle]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|1958
|-
|[[Linus Pauling]]
|Peace
|1962
|-
|[[John Hicks]]
|Economics
|1972
|-
|[[Gunnar Myrdal]]
|Economics
|1974
|-
|[[Baruch S. Blumberg]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|1976
|-
|[[John Van Vleck]]
|Physics
|1977
|-
|[[Robert Solow]]
|Economics
|1987
|-
|[[Norman Ramsey]]
|Physics
|1989
|-
|[[William D. Phillips]]
|Physics
|1997
|-
|[[Anthony J. Leggett]]
|Physics
|2003
|-
|[[Oliver Smithies]]
|Physiology or Medicine
|2007
|}
'''<big>Science</big>'''

Balliol played an important role in early modern science:

* The early Newtonian [[David Gregory (mathematician)|David Gregory]] was "the first to openly teach the doctrines of the ''[[Principia Mathematica|Principia]]'', in a public seminary" and was elected [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy]], due in large part to the influence of [[Isaac Newton]]
* [[John Keill]], another important defender of Newton, who after being appointed as lecturer in experimental philosophy at [[Hart Hall]], started performing experiments based on Newton's findings
* The mathematician [[James Stirling (mathematician)|James Stirling]], best remembered for [[Stirling's approximation]] for factorials, was a Snell and Warner exhibitioner expelled in 1715 for his correspondence with Jacobites
* [[James Bradley]], best known for his discovery of the [[aberration of light]] and the [[Astronomical nutation|nutation of the Earth's axis]], who was placed (after Hipparchus and Kepler) "above the greatest astronomers of all ages and all countries" by [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre|Delambre]] and was appointed [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy]], eventually becoming the third [[Astronomer Royal]] in 1742<ref>Jones 2005, pp.&nbsp;148–149.</ref>
* [[Alex Jadad]], creator of the [[Jadad scale]], the most widely used tool to assess the quality of clinical trials in the world,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jadad, A.R.; Moore R.A.; Carroll D.; Jenkinson C.; Reynolds D.J.M.; Gavaghan D.J.; McQuay H.J. |date=1996 |title=Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? |journal=Controlled Clinical Trials |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–12|doi=10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 |pmid=8721797 }}</ref> and convener of the global conversation that resulted in the re-conceptualization of health as 'the ability to adapt and manage' the physical, mental or social challenges faced by individuals or communities throughout life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godlee |first=Fiona |date=2011 |title=What is health? |journal=BMJ |volume=343 |pages=d4817|doi=10.1136/bmj.d4817 }}</ref>

[[Evolutionary biology|Evolutionary biologist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] was a Balliol student from 1959 to 1962.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/richard-dawkins-on-collegemate-tiger-pataudi-sublime/article33504006.ece|title=Richard Dawkins on collegemate Tiger Pataudi: 'Sublime'|first=Suresh|last=Menon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 January 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

'''<big>Politics</big>'''

Balliol has produced four [[List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom|British prime ministers]]:

* [[H. H. Asquith]]
* [[Harold Macmillan]]
* [[Edward Heath]]
* [[Boris Johnson]]

Other senior leadership positions:

* [[Jo Grimond]]
* [[Denis Healey]]
* [[Yvette Cooper]]
* [[Roy Jenkins]]
* [[George Nathaniel Curzon]]
* [[Alfred Milner]]

Current politically prominent alumni:

* [[Yvette Cooper]]
* [[Rory Stewart]]

International leaders:

* [[Richard von Weizsäcker]], [[President of Germany]] from 1984 to 1994, considered the most popular of Germany's presidents, who oversaw the [[German reunification|reunification of Germany]]
* Sir [[Seretse Khama]], "Father of Independence" and first [[President of Botswana]], who led his [[Independence of Botswana|country's independence movement]] and transition from British rule into an independent democratic nation
* [[Abdullah Bishara]], first secretary general of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (1981–1993) who played a vital role during the first Gulf War, former Kuwait representative to the United Nations (1971–1981)

Royal alumni:

* [[Empress Masako]] of Japan
* [[Olav V of Norway]] (after whose donation of expanding the JCR is named the Norway Room)
* His son and current king [[Harald V of Norway]]

Political journalists:

* ''[[Financial Times]]'' associate editor [[Stephen Bush]]
* ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s chief arts writer [[Charlotte Higgins]]
* Columnist and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] communications specialist [[Seumas Milne]]
* ''[[The Times]]'' columnist [[David Aaronovitch]]
* [[Christopher Hitchens]]

[[Shoghi Effendi]], head of the [[Bahá'í Faith]] from 1921 until his death in 1957, also studied [[economics]] and [[social sciences]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khadem |first=Riaz |title=Shoghi Effendi in Oxford}}</ref>

'''<big>Law</big>'''[[File:Thomas Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill.jpg|thumb|Lord Bingham: Described as "the greatest lawyer of his generation" and "the greatest jurist of our time"|260x260px]]
* [[John Marshall Harlan II]], described as one of the most influential [[US Supreme Court justices]] of the twentieth century, he was elected a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1960
* [[Thomas Bingham]] was the Senior [[Law Lord]] of the [[United Kingdom]], described by [[Nick Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers|Nick Phillips]] as "head and shoulders above everybody else in the Law in my view ... yes just outstanding ... his clarity of thought, his academic knowledge. I think almost everyone would say that he was, you know, the great lawyer of his generation"
* [[Brian Hutton, Baron Hutton|Brian Hutton]] and [[Alan Rodger, Baron Rodger of Earlsferry|Alan Rodger]] held equivalent positions in [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]], at one point, all three simultaneously
* [[Cressida Dick]] is the immediate past [[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis|commissioner]] of the London [[Metropolitan Police]], the first woman to hold this role

'''<big>Literature</big>'''

* [[Robert Southey]], Poet Laureate chiefly remembered today for the original version of "Goldilocks and the Three Bears"
The height of Baliol's literary influence came in the [[Victorian literature|Victorian era]], when virtually all major poets had some connection with Balliol:[[File:Gerard Manley Hopkins.jpg|thumb|Gerard Manley Hopkins: Though Hopkins died in 1889, his complete works were not published until 1918. He is now considered as influential as [[T. S. Eliot]] in initiating [[literary modernism]].]]

* [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], though publishing little while alive, has experienced posthumous fame that placed him among leading English poets with his [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] establishing him as an innovator, as did his praise of God through vivid use of [[Imagery (literature)|imagery]] and nature; by 1930 Hopkins's work was seen as one of the most original literary advances of his century
* [[Matthew Arnold]], influential poet and critic
* [[Algernon Charles Swinburne|A. C. Swinburne]], who was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] every year from 1903 to 1909
* [[Robert Browning]], deemed "the most considerable poet in English since the major Romantics",<ref>[[Harold Bloom]] (2004). ''The Best Poems of the English Language: From Chaucer through Robert Frost''. HarperCollins. pp. 656–657. {{ISBN|978-0-06-054042-5}}</ref> was a personal friend of master [[Benjamin Jowett]] and became the college's first [[honorary fellow]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Balliol Archives - Browning Papers |url=https://archives.balliol.ox.ac.uk/Modern%20Papers/Browning/browning01.asp#gsc.tab=0}}</ref> donating his portrait and other memorabilia to the college, which grew to become "one of the most distinguished collections of Browning material"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browning at Balliol: A Bicentenary Exhibition |date=13 August 2014 |url=https://balliolarchivist.wordpress.com/2014/08/13/exhibition-archive-robert-browning/}}</ref>

Of 20th-century writers:
* [[Ronald Knox]], Catholic priest, crime writer and translator of the [[Knox Bible]], which was called "an exceptional achievement both of scholarship and of literary dedication" by Archbishop of Canterbury, [[Rowan Williams]]
* [[Graham Greene]], regarded as one of the leading novelists of the 20th century, shortlisted for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] several times
* [[Joseph Macleod]], one of the earliest interpreters of [[Anton Chekhov]] in the UK, whom [[Basil Bunting]] claimed was the most important living British poet, while also gaining admiration from [[Ezra Pound]]
* [[Anthony Powell]], associate of [[George Orwell]] who wrote ''[[A Dance to the Music of Time]]'', ranked 36th on the BBC list of 100 greatest British novels<ref>Ciabattari, Jane (7 December 2015). "The 100 greatest British novels". BBC. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</ref>
* [[Robertson Davies]], one of Canada's best known and most popular authors and one of its most distinguished "[[Intellectual#Man of Letters|men of letters]]"
* [[Nevil Shute]], whose novels ''[[A Town Like Alice]]'', ''[[Trustee from the Toolroom]]'' and ''[[On the Beach (novel)|On the Beach]]'' featured on the [[Modern Library 100 Best Novels]] of the 20th century
* [[Aldous Huxley]], author of ''[[Brave New World]]'' and ''[[The Doors of Perception]]'', widely acknowledged as one of the foremost intellectuals of his time, nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] nine times, and elected [[Companion of Literature]] by the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 1962
* Franco-English writer [[Hilaire Belloc]]

Among contemporary writers:

* [[Gwyneth Lewis]] (born 1959) is a Welsh poet who was the inaugural [[National Poet of Wales]] in 2005
* [[John Minford]] is [[sinologist]] known for his translation of Chinese classics like ''[[The Art of War]]'', the ''[[I Ching]]'' and the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]''

In terms of critics, Balliol has produced [[A. C. Bradley]], writer of ''Shakespearean Tragedy'', described as probably the most influential single work of [[Shakespeare's reputation|Shakespearean criticism]] ever published,<ref>Gauntlett, Mark. "The Perishable Body of the Unpoetic: A. C. Bradley Performs Othello." ''Shakespeare Survey Volume 47: Playing Places for Shakespeare.'' Ed. [[Stanley Wells]]. Cambridge University Press, 1994.</ref> the "[[Multilingualism|polyglot]] and [[polymath]]" [[George Steiner]],<ref>[[Maya Jaggi|Jaggi, Maya]] (17 March 2001). "George and his dragons". ''[[The Guardian]]''. London. Retrieved 27 March 2008.</ref> and [[Christopher Ricks]] who has been acclaimed as the "greatest living critic"<ref>John Carey in conversation with Clive James Archived 19 January 2012 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref><!-- Perhaps its most famous literary characters, however, are fictional: author [[Dorothy Sayers]]' made her well-known detective [[Lord Peter Wimsey]] a graduate of, and noted [[cricketer]] for, Balliol. In a speech entitled "Captain Hook at Eton" in 1927, [[James M. Barrie]] indicated that [[Captain Hook]] attended Balliol. Among other fictional detectives from Balliol is Dr Gideon Fell, the creation of [[John Dickson Carr]]. Balliol's many crime writers include [[W. J. Burley]], [[Robert Barnard]], [[Tim Heald]] and [[Martin Edwards (author)|Martin Edwards]]. -->

'''<big>Philosophy</big>'''

Notable Balliol philosophers include:

* [[Adam Smith]], a pioneer in the thinking of [[political economy]] and key figure of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]], regarded as "The Father of Economics" or "The Father of Capitalism"
* [[T. H. Green]], whose teaching is considered the most potent philosophical influence in England during the last quarter of the 19th century, cited by many [[social liberal]] politicians, often Balliol alumni, such as [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]] and [[H. H. Asquith]]

Like most philosophy faculties in the [[Anglosphere]], contemporary thought at Balliol is firmly grounded in the so-called [[Analytic philosophy|analytic]] tradition:

* [[J. L. Austin]], a leading proponent of ordinary language philosophy
* [[Charles Taylor (philosopher)|Charles Taylor]], the first president of the Oxford [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]]
* [[Bernard Williams]], moral theorist described as an "[[Analytic philosophy|analytical philosopher]] with the soul of a general [[humanist]]", who [[Martin Hollis (philosopher)|Martin Hollis]] said had "a good claim to be the leading British philosopher of his day"
* [[Derek Parfit]], widely considered one of the most important and influential moral philosophers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, whose first book, ''[[Reasons and Persons]]'' has been described as the most significant work of moral philosophy since the 1800s
* [[Jonathan Barnes]], Professor of Ancient Philosophy at Oxford from 1989 to 1994, who revised the Oxford Aristotle, universally recognized as the standard English version, in light of modern scholarship

Other notable contemporary philosophers include [[J. R. Lucas]], [[R. M. Hare]], [[Michael Sandel]], [[Joseph Raz]], [[Peter Geach]], [[Michael Otsuka]], [[Michael E. Rosen]], and [[Timothy Williamson]].

'''<big>Sport</big>'''

Balliol has also contributed to the sporting world; [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]] and his son [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]], both [[India national cricket team|India]] cricket captains and the 8th and 9th [[Nawab of Pataudi|Nawabs of Pataudi]] respectively, were both Balliol graduates who played for the university. US Olympian rower [[Caryn Davies]] received her MBA at Balliol.

'''<big>History</big>'''

[[Rodney Hilton]], Marxist historian of the late medieval period and the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Read Modern History (1935-38).

'''<big>Other</big>'''

[[Andrew Copson]], chief executive of [[Humanists UK]] and president of the [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]] graduated in 2004.

[[Howard Marks]], a convicted drug dealer and later author, attended Balliol between 1964 and 1967 to study physics and then again between 1968 and 1969 to study History and Philosophy of Science. [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], the British socialite who was convicted of sex trafficking of children for [[Jeffrey Epstein]] in 2021,<ref name="conviction1">{{cite news |last1=Hays |first1=Tom |last2=Neumeister |first2=Larry |date=29 December 2021 |title=Ghislaine Maxwell convicted in Epstein sex abuse case |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/ghislaine-maxwell-alison-j-nathan-new-york-city-new-york-63a71a2825eab41184a79e37bb967e90 |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> graduated from Balliol<ref name="Haines">{{Cite book |last=Haines |first=Joe |title=Maxwell |date=1988 |publisher=Futura |isbn=0-7088-4303-4 |location=London |pages=434 et seq |author-link=Joe Haines (journalist)}}</ref> in 1985.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=Ffrench |first=Andrew |date=3 August 2021 |title=Before meeting paedophile Jeffrey Epstein, Ghislaine Maxwell was an Oxford United director |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/18624525.jeffrey-epstein-ghislaine-maxwell-oxford-united-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823022211/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/18624525.jeffrey-epstein-ghislaine-maxwell-oxford-united-director/ |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Oxford Mail |language=en}}</ref>

The first transgender hereditary peer, [[Matilda Simon, 3rd Baroness Simon of Wythenshawe]], graduated from Balliol with a bachelor's degree and a doctor of philosophy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somerville |first=Ewan |date=2023-05-13 |title=Daughters excluded from peerage due to gender outraged by trans woman standing for Lords seat |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/05/13/daughters-shunned-from-peerage-angry-as-trans-tory-allowed/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

The first person documented to brew coffee in England, Nathaniel Canopius, was a Cretan student at Balliol from 1637 to 1648.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horan |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR8nb-LYHBMC&q=oxford+coffee+nathaniel&pg=PA67 |title=Oxford: A Cultural and Literary Companion |date=1999 |publisher=Signal Books |isbn=978-1-902669-05-2 |page=67 |language=en |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2024, [[Karma Phuntsho]], who finished his Doctor of Philosophy degree in 2003, became the first Bhutanese to receive the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] which is widely acclaimed as Asia's [[Nobel Prize]]. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Lamsang |first=Tenzing |date=2024-09-07 |title=From being bullied in school to winning the Ramon Magsaysay Award |language=en-GB |work=The Bhutanese |url=https://thebhutanese.bt/from-being-bullied-in-school-to-winning-the-ramon-magsaysay-award/ |access-date=2024-10-09}}</ref>

[[Tim Hilton]], art critic and ''Guardian'' journalist whose books include ''The Pre-Raphaelites'' and a two-volume biography of John Ruskin. Read English 1961-64. Son of Balliol graduate [[Rodney Hilton]].

'''<big>Chancellors of the University of Oxford</big>'''

Balliol members have predominated as holders of the office of [[List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford|chancellor]] of the university from the 20th century  to the present;

* [[George Nathaniel Curzon]]
* [[Harold Macmillan]]
* [[Roy Jenkins]]
* [[Chris Patten]]

The last two being opposed in their election by [[Edward Heath]] and [[Lord Bingham of Cornhill]] respectively. Members of the college have been elected to masterships not only at Balliol but also at other colleges and include the former master of [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], [[Jane Stapleton]], a former fellow of Balliol.
<!--[[Denys Irving (Musician, Filmmaker)|Denys Irving]] attended Balliol reading [[Philosophy, Politics and Economics|PPE]] (1962–66). His recordings under the pseudonym 'Lucifer' were financed by Howard Marks & Naomi Zack. Zack also co-produced with Denys the film ''Exit'' which has been rediscovered. Two early computer-generated films are held in the [[LUX]] collection, and one, ''69'', was shown at the [[Tate Gallery]]. -->

===Philanthropists===
* [[Steve Shirley|Stephanie Shirley]] (2001), funded the Oxford Internet Institute which is based at Balliol.
* [[Matthew Westerman]] (1983), funded the Pathfinder scheme and extended it to Asia<ref name="alumniweb.ox.ac.uk">https://www.alumniweb.ox.ac.uk/balliol/about-the-westerman-pathfinders</ref>
* [[John Templeton]] (1934), Rhodes Scholar, fund manager
* [[J. Irwin Miller]], American industrialist, modern architecture
* [[Cecil Jackson-Cole]] (1928 external student<ref>ONDB</ref>) founder of OXFAM
* [[William Appleton Coolidge]] (1924), set up a Pathfinder scheme for students to visit US<ref>{{cite web | url=https://topsfieldfairhistory.org/people/william-a-coolidge/ | title=William A. Coolidge }}</ref><ref name="alumniweb.ox.ac.uk"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.mit.edu/1992/coolidge-0603 | title=William A. Coolidge Dies; Sheehan Gathering | date=3 June 1992 }}</ref>
* [[Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead]] (1874), arts and crafts movement
* [[Hannah Brackenbury]] (1865), major donor to Balliol College for scholarships and buildings
* [[Dervorguilla of Galloway]] (1282), endowed Balliol College as a "college for the poor"