Editing BCG vaccine (section)

=== COVID-19 ===
Use of the BCG vaccine may provide protection against COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gong W, Mao Y, Li Y, Qi Y | title = BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents | journal = International Immunopharmacology | volume = 108 | issue = 108 | pages = 108870 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35597119 | pmc = 9113676 | doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108870 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Faustman DL, Lee A, Hostetter ER, Aristarkhova A, Ng NC, Shpilsky GF, Tran L, Wolfe G, Takahashi H, Dias HF, Braley J, Zheng H, Schoenfeld DA, Kühtreiber WM | title = Multiple BCG vaccinations for the prevention of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in type 1 diabetes | language = English | journal = Cell Reports. Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | pages = 100728 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36027906 | pmc = 9376308 | doi = 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100728 }}</ref> However, epidemiologic observations in this respect are ambiguous.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Szigeti R, Kellermayer D, Trakimas G, Kellermayer R | title = BCG epidemiology supports its protection against COVID-19? A word of caution | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = e0240203 | date = 7 October 2020 | pmid = 33027297 | pmc = 7540851 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240203 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1540203S }}</ref> The WHO does not recommend its use for prevention {{as of|2021|1|12|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 April 2020|title=Situation Report 13 April 2020 – COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200413-sitrep-84-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=44f511ab_2|access-date=14 April 2020|website=World Health Organisation|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413234846/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200413-sitrep-84-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=44f511ab_2|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2021|1}}, 20 BCG trials are in various clinical stages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=|title=Studies found for BCG Recruiting, Active, not recruiting Studies Covid19|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=BCG&cond=Covid19&Search=Apply&recrs=a&recrs=d&age_v=&gndr=&type=&rslt=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301004702/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=BCG&cond=Covid19&Search=Apply&recrs=a&=d&age_v=&gndr=&type=&rslt= |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=|website=Clinical Trials.gov}}</ref> {{As of|2022|10}}, the results are extremely mixed. A 15-month trial involving people thrice-vaccinated over the two years before the pandemic shows positive results in preventing infection in BCG-naive people with type 1 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Faustman DL, Lee A, Hostetter ER, Aristarkhova A, Ng NC, Shpilsky GF, Tran L, Wolfe G, Takahashi H, Dias HF, Braley J, Zheng H, Schoenfeld DA, Kühtreiber WM | title = Multiple BCG vaccinations for the prevention of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in type 1 diabetes | journal = Cell Reports. Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | pages = 100728 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36027906 | pmc = 9376308 | doi = 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100728 | doi-access = free }}</ref> On the other hand, a 5-month trial shows that re-vaccinating with BCG does not help prevent infection in healthcare workers. Both of these trials were [[double-blind]] [[randomized controlled trial]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Upton CM, van Wijk RC, Mockeliunas L, Simonsson US, McHarry K, van den Hoogen G, Muller C, von Delft A, van der Westhuizen HM, van Crevel R, Walzl G, Baptista PM, Peter J, Diacon AH | title = Safety and efficacy of BCG re-vaccination in relation to COVID-19 morbidity in healthcare workers: A double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial | journal = eClinicalMedicine | volume = 48 | pages = 101414 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 35582122 | pmc = 9098089 | doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101414 }}</ref>