Editing Assembly language (section)

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="IBM_2014_ASM">{{cite manual
 |title=High Level Assembler for z/OS & z/VM & z/VSE Language Reference Version 1 Release 6
 |id=SC26-4940-06 
 |section=Assembler language
 |section-url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSLTBW_2.1.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r1.asma400/asmr102112.htm
 |url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLTBW_2.1.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r1.asma400/toc.htm
 |date=2014 |orig-year=1990 |publisher=[[IBM]]
 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kornelis_2010">{{cite web |title=High Level Assembler – Opcodes overview, Assembler Directives |author-first=A. F. |author-last=Kornelis |date=2010 |orig-year=2003 |url=http://www.bixoft.nl/english/opcd00.htm |access-date=2020-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324151326/http://www.bixoft.nl/english/opcd00.htm |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="IBM_2014_Macro">{{cite manual
 |title=High Level Assembler for z/OS & z/VM & z/VSE Language Reference Version 1 Release 6
 |id=SC26-4940-06 
 |section=Macro instructions
 |section-url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLTBW_2.1.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r1.asma400/asmr102115.htm
 |url=https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLTBW_2.1.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r1.asma400/toc.htm
|publisher=[[IBM]] |date=2014 |orig-year=1990 
 }}</ref>
<ref name="Wilkes_1951">{{cite book |author-last1=Wilkes |author-first1=Maurice Vincent |author-link1=Maurice Vincent Wilkes |author-last2=Wheeler |author-first2=David John |author-link2=David John Wheeler |author-last3=Gill |author-first3=Stanley J. |author-link3=Stanley J. Gill |title=The preparation of programs for an electronic digital computer |date=1951 |publisher=[[Tomash Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-93822803-5 |oclc=313593586 |edition=Reprint 1982 }}</ref>
<ref name="Fairhead_2017">{{cite web |author-last=Fairhead |author-first=Harry |title=History of Computer Languages - The Classical Decade, 1950s |work=I Programmer |date=2017-11-16 |url=https://www.i-programmer.info/history/57-computer-languages/471-the-classical-decade.html |access-date=2020-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102192823/https://www.i-programmer.info/history/57-computer-languages/471-the-classical-decade.html |archive-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>
<ref name="OS360_2011">{{cite web |title=How do assembly languages depend on operating systems? |date=2011-07-28 |work=Stack Exchange |publisher=[[Stack Exchange Inc.]] |url=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6859348/how-do-assembly-languages-depend-on-operating-systems |access-date=2020-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324152747/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6859348/how-do-assembly-languages-depend-on-operating-systems |archive-date=2020-03-24}} (NB. System calls often vary, e.g. for [[OS/360 and successors|MVS]] vs. [[DOS/360 and successors|VSE]] vs. VM/CMS; the binary/executable formats for different operating systems may also vary.)</ref>
<ref name="Salomon_1992">{{cite book |author-first=David |author-last=Salomon |editor-first=Ian D. |editor-last=Chivers |title=Assemblers and Loaders |date=February 1993 |pages=7, 237–238 |orig-year=1992 |edition=1 |series=Ellis Horwood Series In Computers And Their Applications |publisher=[[Ellis Horwood Limited]] / [[Simon & Schuster International Group]] |location=California State University, Northridge, California, US |publication-place=Chicester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=0-13-052564-2 |url=http://www.davidsalomon.name/assem.advertis/asl.pdf |access-date=2008-10-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323010358/http://www.davidsalomon.name/assem.advertis/asl.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-23}} (xiv+294+4 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Saxon_1962">{{cite book |author-first1=James A. |author-last1=Saxon |author-first2=William S. |author-last2=Plette |title=Programming the IBM 1401, a self-instructional programmed manual |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, US |publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]] |date=1962 |lccn=62-20615 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015000480718;view=2up;seq=6}} (NB. Use of the term ''assembly program''.)</ref>
<ref name="Ohio_2016">{{cite web |title=Assembly: Review |volume=Lecture 14 |series=Computer Science and Engineering |publisher=College of Engineering,  [[Ohio State University]]<!--Wikipedians do not use "The" as part of Ohio State's name; it is considered a marketing gimmick, and routinely deleted.--> |date=2016 |url=http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~sivilotti.1/teaching/3903.recent/lectures/lecture14.pdf |access-date=2020-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324153925/http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~sivilotti.1/teaching/3903.recent/lectures/lecture14.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Archer_2016">{{cite book |title=Assembly Language For Students |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3125846 |author-first=Benjamin |author-last=Archer |date=November 2016 |publisher=[[CreateSpace Independent Publishing]] |location=North Charleston, South Carolina, US |isbn=978-1-5403-7071-6 |quote=Assembly language may also be called symbolic machine code.}}</ref>
<ref name="Bosworth_2016">{{cite web |author-first=Edward |author-last=Bosworth |date=2016 |title=Chapter 1 – Why Study Assembly Language |website=www.edwardbosworth.com |url=http://www.edwardbosworth.com/My3121Textbook_HTM/MyText3121_Ch01_V01.htm |access-date=2016-06-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324154257/http://www.edwardbosworth.com/My3121Textbook_HTM/MyText3121_Ch01_V01.htm |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Hyde_2003">{{cite book |author-first=Randall |author-last=Hyde |author-link=Randall Hyde |title=The Art of Assembly Language |publisher=[[No Starch Press]] |edition=2 |date=September 2003 |orig-year=1996-09-30 |isbn=1-886411-97-2 |chapter=Foreword ("Why would anyone learn this stuff?") / Chapter 12 – Classes and Objects |url=http://www.nostarch.com:80/frameset.php?startat=assembly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506233612/http://www.nostarch.com/frameset.php?startat=assembly |archive-date=6 May 2010 |access-date=22 June 2020 }} Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200323150730/http://www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/www.artofasm.com/AoAErrata.html] (928 pages) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200323151406/http://www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/www.artofasm.com/index.html][https://web.archive.org/web/20090720021936/http://www.arl.wustl.edu/~lockwood/class/cs306/books/artofasm/toc.html]</ref>
<ref name="Daintith_2019">{{cite web |editor-first=John |editor-last=Daintith |work=A Dictionary of Computing |title=meta-assembler |date=2019 |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O11-metaassembler.html |access-date=2020-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324154503/https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/meta-assembler |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Beck_1996">{{cite book |author-last=Beck |author-first=Leland L. |title=System Software: An Introduction to Systems Programming |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |date=1996 |chapter=2}}</ref>
<ref name="Intel_1999">{{cite book |title=Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 2: Instruction Set Reference |date=1999 |volume=2 |publisher=[[Intel Corporation]] |url=http://download.intel.com/design/PentiumII/manuals/24319102.PDF |access-date=2010-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611193346/http://download.intel.com/design/PentiumII/manuals/24319102.PDF |archive-date=11 June 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Evans_2006">{{cite web |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=David |author-first1=Adam |author-last1=Ferrari |author-first2=Alan |author-last2=Batson |author-first3=Mike |author-last3=Lack |author-first4=Anita |author-last4=Jones |title=x86 Assembly Guide |date=2018-11-19 |orig-year=Spring 2006 |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |series=Computer Science CS216: Program and Data Representation |url=http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/cs216/guides/x86.html |access-date=2010-11-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324154938/http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/cs216/guides/x86.html |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="SPARC_1992">{{cite web |publisher=[[SPARC International]] |title=The SPARC Architecture Manual, Version 8 |date=1992 |url=http://www.sparc.com/standards/V8.pdf |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210201410/http://www.sparc.com/standards/V8.pdf |archive-date=2011-12-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Moxham_1996">{{cite web |author-first=James |author-last=Moxham |date=1996 |title=ZINT Z80 Interpreter |work=Z80 Op Codes for ZINT |url=http://www.z80.de/z80/z80code.htm |access-date=2013-07-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324155515/http://www.z80.de/z80/z80code.htm |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Hyde_MASM">{{cite book |author-first=Randall |author-last=Hyde |author-link=Randall Hyde |title=The Art of Computer Programming |chapter=Chapter 8. MASM: Directives & Pseudo-Opcodes |chapter-url=http://flint.cs.yale.edu/cs422/doc/art-of-asm/pdf/CH08.PDF |access-date=2011-03-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324155843/https://www.cs.yale.edu/flint/cs422/doc/art-of-asm/pdf/CH08.PDF |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Autocoder">{{cite book |title=1401 Autocoder System, Program #1401-AU-037, Version 3, Modification Level 11 |url=http://vandyke.mynetgear.com/1401/progs/autocoder/mod.11.pdf |date=December 7, 1965 |quote=The following minor restriction or limitation is in effect with regard to the use of 1401 Autocoder when coding macro instructions ... |access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Griswold_1972">{{cite book |author-last=Griswold |author-first=Ralph E. |author-link=Ralph E. Griswold |title=The Macro Implementation of SNOBOL4 |chapter=Chapter 1 |location=San Francisco, California, US |publisher=[[W. H. Freeman and Company]] |date=1972 |isbn=0-7167-0447-1}}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2012_Macros">{{cite web |title=Macros (C/C++), MSDN Library for Visual Studio 2008 |publisher=[[Microsoft Corp.]] |date=2012-11-16 |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/503x3e3s%28v=VS.90%29.aspx |access-date=2010-06-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324160251/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/visualstudio/visual-studio-2008/503x3e3s(v=vs.90)?redirectedfrom=MSDN |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Kessler_1970">{{cite web |author-first=Marvin M. |author-last=Kessler |title=*Concept* Report 14 - Implementation of Macros To Permit Structured Programming in OS/360 |publisher=[[International Business Machines Corporation]] |location=Gaithersburg, Maryland, US |date=1970-12-18 |work=MVS Software: Concept 14 Macros |url=http://skycoast.us/pscott/software/mvs/concept14.html |access-date=2009-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324160528/http://skycoast.us/pscott/software/mvs/concept14.html |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="assembly-language?cat=technology">{{cite web |title=assembly language: Definition and Much More from Answers.com |website=answers.com |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/assembly-language?cat=technology |access-date=2008-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608215406/http://www.answers.com/topic/assembly-language?cat=technology |archive-date=8 June 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Provinciano_2005">{{cite web |author-last=Provinciano |author-first=Brian |title=NESHLA: The High Level, Open Source, 6502 Assembler for the Nintendo Entertainment System |date=2005-04-17 |url=http://neshla.sourceforge.net/ |access-date=2020-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324161216/http://neshla.sourceforge.net/ |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Dufresne_2018">{{cite web |author-first=Steven |author-last=Dufresne |date=2018-08-21 |title=Kathleen Booth: Assembling Early Computers While Inventing Assembly |url=https://hackaday.com/2018/08/21/kathleen-booth-assembling-early-computers-while-inventing-assembly |access-date=2019-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324150537/https://hackaday.com/2018/08/21/kathleen-booth-assembling-early-computers-while-inventing-assembly/ |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Booth_1947">{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew Donald |author-last1=Booth  |author-link1=Andrew Donald Booth |author-first2=Kathleen Hylda Valerie |author-last2=Britten |author-link2=Kathleen Hylda Valerie Britten |title=General considerations in the design of an all purpose electronic digital computer<!-- (Coding for the ARC) --> |edition=2 |location=The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, US |publisher=[[Birkbeck College, London]] |date=September 1947 |orig-year=August 1947 |url=http://mt-archive.info/Booth-1947.pdf |access-date=2019-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324161441/http://mt-archive.info/Booth-1947.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-24 |quote=The non-original ideas, contained in the following text, have been derived from a number of sources, ... It is felt, however, that acknowledgement should be made to Prof. John von Neumann and to Dr. Herman Goldstein for many fruitful discussions ...}}</ref>
<ref name="Campbell-Kelly_1982">{{cite journal |author-last=Campbell-Kelly |author-first=Martin |author-link=Martin Campbell-Kelly |title=The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955) |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |date=April 1982 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=121–139 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.1982.10016|s2cid=14861159 }}</ref> 
<ref name="Campbell-Kelly_1980">{{cite journal |author-first=Martin |author-last=Campbell-Kelly |author-link=Martin Campbell-Kelly |title=Programming the EDSAC: Early Programming Activity at the University of Cambridge |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |date=1980 |volume=2 |number=1 |pages=7–36 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.1980.10009}}</ref>
<ref name="Wheeler_1985">{{cite web |title=1985 Computer Pioneer Award 'For assembly language programming' David Wheeler |date=27 March 2018 |url=https://www.computer.org/web/awards/pioneer-david-wheeler}}</ref>
<ref name="Wilkes_1949">{{cite journal |author-first=Maurice Vincent |author-last=Wilkes |author-link=Maurice Vincent Wilkes |title=The EDSAC – an Electronic Calculating Machine |journal=Journal of Scientific Instruments |date=1949 |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=385–391 |doi=10.1088/0950-7671/26/12/301|bibcode=1949JScI...26..385W }}</ref>
<ref name="Cruz_2019">{{cite web |title=The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator |author-first=Frank |author-last=da Cruz |date=2019-05-17 |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |series=Computing History - A Chronology of Computing |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/650.html |access-date=2012-01-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215063114/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/index.html |archive-date=2020-02-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Pettus_2008">{{cite web |author-first=Sam |author-last=Pettus |title=SegaBase Volume 6 - Saturn |date=2008-01-10 |url=http://www.eidolons-inn.net/tiki-index.php?page=SegaBase+Saturn |access-date=2008-07-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713074116/http://www.eidolons-inn.net/tiki-index.php?page=SegaBase+Saturn |archive-date=2008-07-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Kauler_1997">{{cite book |title=Windows Assembly Language and Systems Programming: 16- and 32-Bit Low-Level Programming for the PC and Windows |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-1-48227572-8 |author-first=Barry |author-last=Kauler |date=1997-01-09 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0dZDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2020-03-24 |quote=Always the debate rages about the applicability of assembly language in our modern programming world.}}</ref>
<ref name="Hsieh_2020">{{cite web |title=Programming Optimization |author-first=Paul |author-last=Hsieh |date=2020-03-24 |orig-year=2016, 1996 |url=http://www.azillionmonkeys.com/qed/optimize.html<!-- http://icps.u-strasbg.fr/~bastoul/local_copies/hsieh.html --> |access-date=2020-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324163624/http://www.azillionmonkeys.com/qed/optimize.html<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20200324163339/http://icps.u-strasbg.fr/~bastoul/local_copies/hsieh.html --> |archive-date=2020-03-24 |quote=... design changes tend to affect performance more than ... one should not skip straight to assembly language until ...}}</ref>
<ref name="tiobe">{{cite news |title=TIOBE Index |publisher=[[TIOBE Software]] |url=http://www.tiobe.com/tiobe_index |access-date=2020-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324163848/https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
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<ref name="Markoff_2005">{{cite news |title=Writing the Fastest Code, by Hand, for Fun: A Human Computer Keeps Speeding Up Chips |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |author-first=John Gregory |author-last=Markoff |author-link=John Gregory Markoff |date=2005-11-28 |location=Seattle, Washington, US |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/28/technology/28super.html?_r=1 |access-date=2010-03-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163333/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/28/technology/writing-the-fastest-code-by-hand-for-fun-a-human-computer-keeps.html |archive-date=2020-03-23}}</ref>
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<ref name="BLAS_2008">{{cite web |title=BLAS Benchmark-August2008 |publisher=eigen.tuxfamily.org |date=2008-08-01 |url=http://eigen.tuxfamily.org/index.php?title=Benchmark-August2008 |access-date=2010-03-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324164844/http://eigen.tuxfamily.org/index.php?title=Benchmark-August2008 |archive-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
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<ref name="Paul_2001_NECPINW">{{citation |title=Specification and reference documentation for NECPINW |edition=2.08<!-- Newer 3.xx revisions exist as well --> |work=NECPINW.CPI - DOS code page switching driver for [[NEC Pinwriter]]s |at=FILESPEC.TXT, NECPINW.ASM, EUROFONT.INC from NECPI208.ZIP |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001 |orig-year=1996 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/files/util/print/cpi/NECPI208.ZIP<!-- http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/files/util/print/cpi/ --> |access-date=2013-04-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910202610/http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/files/util/print/cpi/NECPI208.ZIP |archive-date=2017-09-10}}<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20090215001349/http://www.uni-bonn.de:80/~uzs180/mpdokeng.html#M.NECPINW --></ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_CPI">{{cite web |title=[fd-dev] mkeyb |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-05-13 |work=freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=102133580113139&w=2 |access-date=2018-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180910213410/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=102133580113139&w=2 |archive-date=2018-09-10}}</ref>
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