Editing Asperger syndrome (section)

=== Comorbidities ===
{{Main|Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders}}

Anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder are the most common conditions seen at the same time; [[comorbidity]] of these in persons with AS is estimated at 65%.<ref name=McPart2006 /> Reports have associated AS with [[medical conditions]] such as [[aminoaciduria]] and [[ligamentous laxity]], but these have been case reports or small studies and no factors have been associated with AS across studies.<ref name="McPart2006" /> One study of males with AS found an increased rate of [[epilepsy]] and a high rate (51%) of [[nonverbal learning disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cederlund M, Gillberg C | title = One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: a clinical study of background and associated factors | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 46 | issue = 10 | pages = 652–60 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15473168 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00977.x | s2cid = 5931902| doi-access = free }}</ref> AS is associated with [[tic]]s, [[Tourette syndrome]] and [[bipolar disorder]]. The repetitive behaviors of AS have many similarities with the symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder and [[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]],<ref name="Gillberg&Billstedt2000"/> and 26% of a sample of young adults with AS were found to meet the criteria for [[schizoid personality disorder]] (which is characterised by severe social seclusion and emotional detachment), more than any other personality disorder in the sample.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lugnegård T, Hallerbäck MU, Gillberg C | title = Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections? | journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 333–40 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 21821235 | doi = 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tantam D | title = Lifelong eccentricity and social isolation. II: Asperger's syndrome or schizoid personality disorder? | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 153 | pages = 783–91 | date = December 1988 | issue = 6 | pmid = 3256377 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.153.6.783| s2cid = 39433805 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Integrated Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders: Personality Disorders and Addiction | vauthors = Ekleberry SC |publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0789036933|pages=31–32|chapter=Cluster A – Schizoid Personality Disorder and Substance Use Disorders|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5HY1xcfjEcC&pg=PA31}}</ref> However many of these studies are based on [[sampling bias|clinical samples]] or lack standardized measures; nonetheless, comorbid conditions are relatively common.<ref name="Woodbury-Smith" />