Editing Arithmetic (section)

=== Psychology ===
The [[psychology]] of arithmetic is interested in how humans and animals learn about numbers, represent them, and use them for calculations. It examines how mathematical problems are understood and solved and how arithmetic abilities are related to [[perception]], [[memory]], [[judgment]], and [[decision making]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|De Cruz|Neth|Schlimm|2010|pp=[https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/08a99b71-10aa-4c26-8cd0-9fff4e1e5427/content 59–60]}} | {{harvnb|Grice|Kemp|Morton|Grace|2023|loc=Abstract}} }}</ref> For example, it investigates how collections of concrete items are first encountered in perception and subsequently associated with numbers.<ref>{{harvnb|De Cruz|Neth|Schlimm|2010|pp=[https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/08a99b71-10aa-4c26-8cd0-9fff4e1e5427/content 60–62]}}</ref> A further field of inquiry concerns the relation between numerical calculations and the use of language to form representations.<ref>{{harvnb|De Cruz|Neth|Schlimm|2010|p=[https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/08a99b71-10aa-4c26-8cd0-9fff4e1e5427/content 63]}}</ref> Psychology also explores the biological origin of arithmetic as an inborn ability. This concerns pre-verbal and pre-symbolic cognitive processes implementing arithmetic-like operations required to successfully represent the world and perform tasks like spatial navigation.<ref>{{harvnb|Grice|Kemp|Morton|Grace|2023|loc=Abstract}}</ref>

One of the concepts studied by psychology is [[numeracy]], which is the capability to comprehend numerical concepts, apply them to concrete situations, and [[Logical reasoning|reason]] with them. It includes a fundamental number sense as well as being able to estimate and compare quantities. It further encompasses the abilities to symbolically represent numbers in numbering systems, interpret [[numerical data]], and evaluate arithmetic calculations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Victoria Department of Education Staff|2023}} | {{harvnb|Askew|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yqbSaXf0RKwC&pg=PA33 33–34]}} | {{harvnb|Dreeben-Irimia|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L3gqsXsoiiAC&pg=PA102 102]}} }}</ref> Numeracy is a key skill in many academic fields. A lack of numeracy can inhibit academic success and lead to bad economic decisions in everyday life, for example, by misunderstanding [[mortgage]] plans and [[insurance policies]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Victoria Department of Education Staff|2023}} | {{harvnb|Barnes|Rice|Hanoch|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yzMlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 196]}} | {{harvnb|Gerardi|Goette|Meier|2013|pp=11267–11268}} | {{harvnb|Jackson|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tLuPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 152]}} }}</ref>