Editing Animal echolocation (section)

== Countermeasures ==

[[File:Argema mimosae male.jpg|thumb|upright|The especially long tails on the hindwings of the [[Argema mimosae|African moon moth]], a [[Saturniidae|Saturniid]], oscillate in flight, deflecting the hunting bat's attack to the tails and thus enabling the moth to evade capture.<ref name="Rubin Hamilton 2018"/>]]

Some insects that are predated by bats have [[anti-predator adaptation]]s,  including predator avoidance,<ref name="Spangler 1988"/> attack deflection,<ref name="Rubin Hamilton 2018"/> and ultrasonic clicks which appear to function as warnings rather than [[echolocation jamming]].<ref name="Chiu Xian 2008"/><ref name="Phillips 2006">{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Kathryn |date=15 July 2006 |title=Are Moths Jamming or Warning? |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |publisher=The Company of Biologists |volume=209 |issue=14 |page=i |doi=10.1242/jeb.02391 |issn=1477-9145 |s2cid=85257361}}</ref>

Tiger moths ([[Arctiidae]]) of different species (two thirds of the species tested) respond to simulated attack by echolocating bats by producing an accelerating series of clicks. The species ''[[Bertholdia trigona]]'' has been shown to jam bat echolocation: when pit against naïve big brown bats, ultrasound was immediately and consistently effective at preventing bat attack. Bats came in contact with silent control moths 400% more often than with ''B. trigona''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Corcoran |first1=Aaron J. |last2=Barber |first2=Jesse R. |last3=Conner |first3=William E. |date=2009-07-17 |title=Tiger Moth Jams Bat Sonar |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1174096 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=325 |issue=5938 |pages=325–327 |doi=10.1126/science.1174096 |pmid=19608920 |bibcode=2009Sci...325..325C |s2cid=206520028 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> 

Moth ultrasound can also function to [[Deimatic behaviour|startle]] the bat (a bluffing tactic), warn the bat that the moth is distasteful (honest signalling, [[aposematism]]), or mimic chemically defended species. Both aposematism and mimicry have been shown to confer a survival advantage against bat attack.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/212/14/2141/18292/Nai-ve-bats-discriminate-arctiid-moth-warning |title=Naïve bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=journals.biologists.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dowdy |first1=Nicolas J. |last2=Conner |first2=William E. |date=2016 |title=Acoustic Aposematism and Evasive Action in Select Chemically Defended Arctiine (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Species: Nonchalant or Not? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e0152981 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0152981 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4838332 |pmid=27096408 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1152981D |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The greater wax moth (''[[Galleria mellonella]]'') takes predator avoidance actions such as dropping, looping, and freezing when it detects ultrasound waves, indicating that it can both detect and differentiate between ultrasound frequencies used by predators and signals from other members of their species.<ref name="Spangler 1988">{{cite journal |last=Spangler |first=Hayward G. |date=1988 |title=Sound and the Moths That Infest Beehives |jstor=3495006 |journal=The Florida Entomologist |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=467–477 |doi=10.2307/3495006 }}</ref> Some members of the ''[[Saturniidae]]'' moth family, which includes giant silk moths, have long tails on the hindwings, especially those in the Attacini and [[Arsenurinae]] subgroups. The tails oscillate in flight, creating echoes which deflect the hunting bat's attack from the moth's body to the tails. The species ''[[Argema mimosae]]'' (the African moon moth), which has especially long tails, was the most likely to evade capture.<ref name="Rubin Hamilton 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Rubin |first1=Juliette J. |last2=Hamilton |first2=Chris A. |last3=McClure |first3=Christopher J. W. |last4=Chadwell |first4=Brad A. |last5=Kawahara |first5=Akito Y. |last6=Barber |first6=Jesse R. |display-authors=3 |title=The evolution of anti-bat sensory illusions in moths |journal=Science Advances |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=eaar7428 |date=July 2018 |pmid=29978042 |pmc=6031379 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aar7428 |bibcode=2018SciA....4.7428R }}</ref>