Editing Akkadian language (section)

=====Verb patterns=====
Akkadian verbs have thirteen separate [[derived stem]]s formed on each [[Triliteral|root]]. The basic, underived, stem is the G-stem (from the German Grundstamm, meaning "basic stem"). [[Causative]] or [[intensive]] forms are formed with the doubled D-stem, and it gets its name from the doubled-middle radical that is characteristic of this form. The doubled middle radical is also characteristic of the present. The forms of the D-stem use the secondary conjugational affixes, so a D-form will never be identical to a form in a different stem. The Š-stem is formed by adding a prefix ''š-'', and these forms are mostly causatives. The passive forms of the verb are in the N-stem, formed by adding a ''n-'' prefix. The ''n-'' element is assimilated to a following consonant, so the original /n/ is only visible in a few forms.

[[reflexive verb|Reflexive]] and [[iterative]] verbal stems can be derived from each of the basic stems. The reflexive stem is formed with an infix ''-ta'', and the [[derived stems]] are therefore called Gt, Dt, Št and Nt, and the preterite forms of the Xt-stem are identical to the perfects of the X-stem. Iteratives are formed with the infix ''-tan-'', giving the Gtn, Dtn, Štn and Ntn. Because of the [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] of ''n'', the /n/ is only seen in the present forms, and the Xtn preterite is identical to the Xt [[Dynamic verb|durative]].

The final stem is the ŠD-stem, a form mostly attested only in poetic texts, and whose meaning is usually identical to either the Š-stem or the D-stem of the same verb.  It is formed with the Š prefix (like the Š-stem) in addition to a doubled-middle radical (like the D-stem).

An alternative to this naming system is a numerical system. The basic stems are numbered using [[Roman numeral]]s so that G, D, Š and N become I, II, III and IV, respectively. The [[infix]]es are numbered using [[Arabic numeral]]s; 1 for the forms without an infix, 2 for the Xt, and 3 for the Xtn. The two numbers are separated using a solidus. As an example, the Štn-stem is called III/3. The most important user of this system is the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary.

There is mandatory congruence between the subject of the sentence and the verb. This is expressed by [[prefix]]es and [[suffix]]es. There are two different sets of affixes, a primary set used for the forms of the G and N-stems, and a secondary set for the D and Š-stems.

The stems, their nomenclature and examples of the third-person masculine singular [[#Stative|stative]] of the verb ''parāsum'' (root PRS: 'to decide, distinguish, separate') is shown below:

{|class="wikitable" align="center"
! # || Stem || Verb || Description || Correspondence
|-
|I.1||G||''PaRiS''||the simple stem, used for [[Transitive verbs|transitive]] and [[intransitive verbs]]|| Arabic stem I (''fa'ala'') and Hebrew pa'al
|-
|II.1||D||''PuRRuS''||gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive|| Arabic stem II (''faʿʿala'') and Hebrew ''pi'el''
|-
|III.1||Š||''šuPRuS''||š-preformative, indicating the causative|| Arabic stem IV ('''af'ala'') and Hebrew ''hiph'il''
|-
|IV.1||N||''naPRuS''||n-preformative, indicating the reflexive/passive|| Arabic stem VII (''infa'ala'') and Hebrew ''niph'al''
|-
|I.2||Gt||''PitRuS''||simple stem with t-infix after first radical, indicating reciprocal or reflexive|| Arabic stem VIII (''ifta'ala'') and Aramaic '''ithpe'al'' (tG)
|-
|II.2||Dt||''PutaRRuS''||doubled second radical preceded by infixed t, indicating intensive reflexive|| Arabic stem V (''tafaʿʿala'') and Hebrew ''hithpa'el'' (tD)
|-
|III.2||Št||''šutaPRuS''||š-preformative with t-infix, indicating reflexive causative|| Arabic stem X (''istaf'ala'') and Aramaic '''ittaph'al'' (tC)
|-
|IV.2||Nt||''itaPRuS'' || n-preformative with a t-infix preceding the first radical, indicating reflexive passive || rowspan='6' bgcolor='gray' |
|-
|I.3||Gtn||''PitaRRuS''||simple stem with tan-infix after first radical|
|-
|II.3||Dtn||''PutaRRuS''||doubled second radical preceded by tan-infix
|-
|III.3||Štn|| ''šutaPRuS'' ||š-preformative with tan-infix
|-
|IV.3||Ntn||''itaPRuS''||n-preformative with tan-infix
|-
|||ŠD||''šuPuRRuS''||š-preformative with doubled second radical
|}
{{reflist|group=t5}}