Editing Akhenaten (section)

==Cultural depictions==

Akhenaten's life, accomplishments, and legacy have been preserved and depicted in many ways, and he has figured in works of both [[high culture|high]] and [[popular culture]] since his rediscovery in the 19th century AD. Akhenaten—alongside [[Cleopatra]] and [[Alexander the Great]]—is among the most often popularized and fictionalized ancient historical figures.{{sfn|Montserrat|2003|p=139}}

On page, Amarna novels most often take one of two forms. They are either a ''[[Bildungsroman]]'', focusing on Akhenaten's psychological and moral growth as it relates to establishing Atenism and Akhetaten, as well as his struggles against the Theban Amun cult. Alternatively, his literary depictions focus on the aftermath of his reign and religion.{{sfn|Montserrat|2003|p=144}} A dividing line also exists between depictions of Akhenaten from before the 1920s and since, when more and more archeological discoveries started to provide artists with material evidence about his life and times. Thus, before the 1920s, Akhenaten had appeared as "a ghost, a spectral figure" in art, while since he has become realistic, "material and tangible".{{sfn|Montserrat|2003|p=154}} Examples of the former include the [[romance novel]]s ''In the Tombs of the Kings'' (1910) by [[Lilian Bagnall]]—the first appearance by Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti in fiction—and ''A Wife Out of Egypt'' (1913) and ''There Was a King in Egypt'' (1918) by [[Norma Lorimer]]. Examples of the latter include ''Akhnaton King of Egypt'' (1924) by [[Dmitry Merezhkovsky]], ''[[Joseph and His Brothers]]'' (1933–1943) by [[Thomas Mann]], ''Akhnaton'' (1973) by [[Agatha Christie]], and ''[[Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth]]'' (1985) by [[Naguib Mahfouz]]. Akhenaten also appears in ''[[The Egyptian]]'' (1945) by [[Mika Waltari]], which was adapted into the movie ''[[The Egyptian (film)|The Egyptian]]'' (1953). In this movie, Akhenaten, portrayed by [[Michael Wilding]], appears to represent [[Jesus Christ]] and his followers proto-[[Christians]].{{sfn|Montserrat|2003|pp=163, 200–212}}

A sexualized image of Akhenaten, building on early Western interest in the pharaoh's [[androgyny|androgynous]] depictions, perceived potential [[homosexuality]], and identification with [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal storytelling]], also influenced modern works of art.{{sfn|Montserrat|2003|pp=168, 170}} The two most notable portrayals are ''Akenaten'' (1975), an unfilmed screenplay by [[Derek Jarman]], and ''[[Akhnaten (opera)|Akhnaten]]'' (1984), an opera by [[Philip Glass]].{{sfn|Montserrat|2003|pp=175–176}}{{sfn|Davidson|2019}} Both were influenced by the unproven and scientifically unsupported theories of [[Immanuel Velikovsky]], who equated [[Oedipus]] with Akhenaten,{{sfn|Montserrat|2003|p=176}} although Glass specifically denies his personal belief in Velikovsky's Oedipus theory, or caring about its historical validity, instead being drawn to its potential theatricality.<ref>[[Philip Glass|Glass, Philip]] (1987) ''Music by Philip Glass'' New York: Harper & Row. p.137-138. {{isbn|0-06-015823-9}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Akhenaten appeared as an antagonist in comic books and video games. For example, he is the major antagonist in [[limited series (comics)|limited comic-book series]] ''[[Marvel: The End]]'' (2003). In this series, Akhenaten is abducted by an alien order in the [[14th century BC]] and reappears on modern Earth seeking to restore his kingdom. He is opposed by essentially all of the other superheroes and supervillains in the Marvel comic book universe and is eventually defeated by [[Thanos]].{{sfn|Marvel|2021}} Additionally, Akhenaten appears as the enemy in the ''[[Assassin's Creed Origins]] [[Assassin's Creed Origins#The Curse of the Pharaohs|The Curse of the Pharaohs]]'' [[downloadable content]] (2017), and must be defeated to remove his curse on Thebes.{{sfn|Marvel|2021}} His afterlife takes the form of 'Aten', a location that draws heavily on the architecture of the city of Amarna.{{sfn|Hotton|2018}}

American [[death metal]] band [[Nile (band)|Nile]] depicted Akhenaten's judgement, punishment, and erasure from history at the hands of the [[Ancient Egyptian deities|pantheon]] that he replaced with Aten, in the song "Cast Down the Heretic", from their 2005 album ''[[Annihilation of the Wicked]]''. He was also featured on the cover artwork of their 2009 album, ''[[Those Whom the Gods Detest]]''.