Editing Afterlife (section)

===Islam===
[[File:Muhammad and "shameless women" in Hell.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3| 15<sup>th</sup> century Persian depiction of [[Muhammad]], [[Buraq]], and [[Gabriel]] visiting Hell, where "shameless women" are burning for inciting lust in men by exposing their hair in public.]]
{{main|Akhirah}}

The [[Quran]] (the holy book of Islam) emphasizes the insignificance of worldly life (''ḥayāt ad-dunyā'' usually translated as "this world") vis-à-vis the hereafter.{{#tag:ref|some of the verses are:
*"... but compared with the Hereafter the life of this world is but a [trifling] enjoyment" {{Qref|13|26|b=y|s=y}}
*" ...The life of this world is nothing but the wares of delusion." {{Qref|3|185–186|b=y|s=y}}
*" ...Know that the life of this world is mere diversion and play, glamour and mutual vainglory among you and rivalry for wealth and children" (Q.57:20){{Qref|57|20|b=y|s=y}}
*" ...Seek the abode of the Hereafter by means of what Allah has given you, while not forgetting your share of this world. {{Qref|28|77|b=y|s=y}}|group=Note}}
A central doctrine of Islamic faith is the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Judgement Day]] (''al-yawm al-ākhir'', also known by other names),{{#tag:ref|The Last Day has a number of other names. It is also called the Encompassing Day (''al-yawm al-muḥīṭ''), more commonly known as the "[[Day of Resurrection]]" (''yawm al-qiyāma''), "[[Day of Judgment]]" (''yawm ad-dīn''), and "Day of Reckoning" (''yawm al-ḥisāb''), as well as both the "Day of Separation" (''yawm al-faṣl'') and "Day of Gathering" (''yawm al-jamʿ''), and is also referred to as ''as-Sāʿah'', meaning "the Hour" signaled by the blowing of the horn/trumpet.<ref>{{Qref|39|68|b=yl}}</ref>|group=Note}} on which the world will come to an end and God will raise all mankind (as well as the ''[[jinn]]'') from the dead and evaluate their worldly actions. The resurrected will be judged according to their deeds, records of which are kept on two books compiled for every human being—one for their good deeds and one for their evil ones.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name="Boulaouali 147–158"/>

Having been judged, the resurrected will cross the bridge of [[As-Sirāt]] over the pit of hell; when the condemned attempt to cross, they will be made to fall off into hellfire below, while the righteous will have no trouble and continue on to their eternal abode of heaven.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford dictionary of Islam |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |edition=1. issued as paperback |series=Oxford paperback reference |location=Oxford}}</ref>

Afterlife in Islam actually begins before the Last Day. After death, humans will be questioned about their faith by two angels, [[Munkar and Nakir|Munkar and Nakīr]]. Those who die as martyrs go immediately to paradise.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |title=Last Judgement |website=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Judgment-religion |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131151138/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Judgment-religion |url-status=live }}</ref> Others who have died and been buried will receive a taste of their eternal reward from the ''al-qabr'' or "the grave" (compare the [[#Judaism|Jewish concept]] of [[Sheol]]). Those bound for hell will suffer "[[Punishment of the Grave]]", while those bound for heaven will find the grave "peaceful and blessed".<ref name=JACBMM2014:46>[[#JACBMM2014|J. A. C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p. 46</ref>

Islamic scripture—the Quran and [[hadith]] (reports of the words and deeds of the Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad]] who is believed to have visited heaven and hell during his [[Isra and Mi'raj]] journey) – give vivid descriptions of the pleasures of paradise ([[Jannah]]) and sufferings of hell (''[[Jahannam]]''). The gardens of Jannah have cool shade,{{Qref|36|56–57|b=y|s=y}} adorned couchs and cushions,{{Qref|18|31|s=y}} rich carpets spread out, cups{{Qref|88|10–16|s=y}} full of wine,{{Qref|52|23|s=y}} and every meat{{Qref|52|22|s=y}} and fruit{{Qref|36|56–57|s=y}}. Men will be provided with perpetually youthful, beautiful ''[[Houri|ḥūr]]'', "untouched beforehand by man or jinn",<ref name="Rustomji 2017">{{cite book |author-last=Rustomji |author-first=Nerina |year=2017 |chapter=Beauty in the Garden: Aesthetics and the ''Wildān'', ''Ghilmān'', and ''Ḥūr'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_MoDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297 |editor1-last=Günther |editor1-first=Sebastian |editor2-last=Lawson |editor2-first=Todd |title=Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=297–307 |series=Islamic History and Civilization |volume=136 |doi=10.1163/9789004333154_014 |isbn=978-90-04-33315-4 |issn=0929-2403 |lccn=2016047258 |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419034025/https://books.google.com/books?id=5_MoDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Qref|55|56|s=y}} with large, beautiful eyes{{Qref|37|48|s=y}}. (In recent years some have argued that the term ''ḥūr'' refers both to pure men and pure women,<ref name="dawn-houri-20">{{cite web |title=Are all 'houris' female? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/635343 |website=Dawn.com |access-date=22 April 2019 |date=9 June 2011 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422220337/https://www.dawn.com/news/635343 |url-status=live }}</ref> and/or that Quranic references to "immortal boys" ({{qref|56|17}}, {{qref|76|19}}) or "young men" ({{qref|52|24}}) (''[[Ghilman|ghilmān]]'', ''wildān'', and ''suqāh'') who serve [[Wine#Islam|wine]] and meals to the [[Blessing#Islam|blessed]], are the male equivalents of hur.)<ref name="Rustomji 2017"/>

In contrast, those in [[Jahannam]] will dwell in a land infested with thousands of serpents and scorpions;<ref>Ghazālī, Iḥyāʾ, v.157, trans. Winter p.221-2; quoted in {{cite book|first1= Christian |last1=Lange |editor=Christian Lange |title= Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |chapter=Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies |publisher= BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30121-4 |date=2016 |ref=CLLHiIT2016 |page=14|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7 }}</ref> be "burnt" by "scorching fire" {{Qref|88|1-7|s=y}} and when "their skins are roasted through, We shall change them for fresh skins" to repeat the process forever {{Qref|4|56|s=y}}; they will have nothing to drink but "boiling water and running sores"{{Qref|78|21–30|s=y}};<ref name="hughes-DoI">{{cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Thomas Patrick |title=Project Gutenberg's A Dictionary of Islam. Hell |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61526/61526-h/61526-h.htm#hell |website=gutenberg.org/ |access-date=30 January 2022 |date=February 27, 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130194648/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61526/61526-h/61526-h.htm#hell |url-status=live }}</ref> their cries of remorse and pleading for forgiveness will be in vain{{Qref|26|96–106|s=y}}.<ref name=ItQ-233>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kaltner|editor1-first=John |title=Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader|date=2011|publisher=Fortress Press|pages=233|isbn=9781451411386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam |access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{qref|26|96-102|c=y}}, {{qref|41|24|c=y}}</ref>

Traditionally, ''Jannah'' and ''Jahannam'' are thought to have different levels. Eight gates and eight levels in ''Jannah'', where the higher the level the better it is and the happier you are. ''Jahannam'' possess seven layers. Each layer more horrible than the one above.

The Quran teaches that the purpose of Man's creation is to worship God and God alone.{{#tag:ref|"I have created the jinn and humankind only for My worship."{{Qref|51|56|s=y}}|group=Note}} Those it describes as being punished in hell are "most typically" unbelievers, including those who worship others besides Allah{{Qref|10|24|s=y}}, those who deny the divine origin of the Quran {{Qref|74|16–26|s=y}}, or the coming of Judgement Day{{Qref|25|11–14|s=y}}.<ref>{{RefQuran|17|10|b=yl}}</ref><ref name=ETISN2009>{{cite journal |last1=Thomassen |first1=Einar |title=Islamic Hell |journal=Numen |date=2009 |volume=56 |issue=2–3 |pages=401–416 |doi=10.1163/156852709X405062 |jstor=27793798 |ref=ETISN2009}}</ref>{{rp|404}}

Straightforward crimes/sins against other people are also grounds for going to hell: the murder of a believer{{Qref|4|93|s=y}}{{Qref|3|21|s=y}}, usury (Q.2:275){{Qref|2|275|s=y}}, devouring the property of an orphan {{Qref|4|10|s=y}}, and slander {{Qref|104|s=y|b=y}}, particularly of a chaste woman{{Qref|24|23|s=y}}.<ref name=ETISN2009:405 >[[#ETISN2009|Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009]]: p.405</ref> However, it is a common belief among Muslims that whatever crimes/sins Muslims may have committed, their punishment in hell will be temporary. Only unbelievers will reside in hell permanently.<ref name="ReferenceA">A F Klein ''Religion Of Islam'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-09954-0}} page 92</ref>{{#tag:ref|"One should note there was a near consensus among Muslim theologians of the later periods that punishment for Muslim grave sinners would only be temporary; eventually after a purgatory sojourn in hell's top layer they would be admitted into paradise."<ref name=CLLHiIT2016:7>[[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.7</ref> Prior to that, theologians of the Kharijite and Mu'tazilite schools insisted that the "sinful" and "unrepentant" should be punished even if they were believers, but this position has been "lastingly defeated and erased" by mainstream Islam.<ref name=CLLHiIT2016:8>[[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.8</ref>
|group=Note}} Thus Jahannam combines both the concept of an eternal hell (for unbelievers), and what is known in Christian Catholicism as [[purgatory]] (for believers eventually destined for heaven after punishment for their sins).<ref>John Renard The Handy Islam Answer Book Visible Ink Press 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-578-59544-0}}</ref>

The common belief holds that ''Jahannam'' coexists with the temporal world.<ref name="Islamic Traditions p. 12">{{cite book|first1= Christian |last1=Lange |title= Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions |chapter=Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies |year=2016 |publisher= BRILL | isbn=978-90-04-30121-4 |page=12|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7 }}</ref> Mainstream Islam teaches the continued existence of the soul and a transformed physical existence after death. The resurrection that will take place on the Last Day is physical, and is explained by suggesting that God will recreate the decayed body ("Have they not realized that Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth, can ˹easily˺ re-create them?" {{Qref|17|99|s=y}}).

====Ahmadiyya====
[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi Muslims]] believe that the afterlife is not material but of a spiritual nature. According to [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]], the soul will give birth to another rarer entity and will resemble the life on this earth in the sense that this entity will bear a similar relationship to the soul as the soul bears relationship with the human existence on earth. On earth, if a person leads a righteous life and submits to the will of God, his or her tastes become attuned to enjoying spiritual pleasures as opposed to carnal desires. With this, an "embryonic soul" begins to take shape. Different tastes are said to be born which a person given to carnal passions finds no enjoyment. For example, sacrifice of one's own rights over that of others becomes enjoyable, or that forgiveness becomes second nature. In such a state a person finds contentment and peace at heart and at this stage, according to Ahmadiyya beliefs, it can be said that a soul within the soul has begun to take shape.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU1Yn4sSXEkC&q=elementary%20study%20of%20islam | title=An Elementary Study of Islam | author=Mirza Tahir Ahmad | page=50 | publisher=Islam International Publications | isbn=978-1-85372-562-3 | year=1997 | access-date=15 October 2020 | archive-date=30 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123256/https://books.google.com/books?id=iU1Yn4sSXEkC&q=elementary%20study%20of%20islam#v=snippet&q=elementary%20study%20of%20islam&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sufism====
{{Main|Sufism}}

The [[Sufi Islam|Sufi Muslim]] scholar [[Ibn 'Arabi]] defined [[Barzakh#Sufism|Barzakh]] as the intermediate realm or "isthmus". It is between the world of corporeal bodies and the world of spirits, and is a means of contact between the two worlds. Without it, there would be no contact between the two and both would cease to exist. He described it as simple and luminous, like the world of spirits, but also able to take on many different forms just like the world of corporeal bodies can. In broader terms Barzakh, "is anything that separates two things". It has been called the dream world in which the dreamer is in both life and death.<ref name="Ibn Al-Arabi 2006 29n, 50n, 59, 64–68, 73, 75–78, 82, 102">{{cite book|last=Ibn Al-Arabi|first=Muhyiddin|title=The Universal Tree and The Four Birds|year=2006|publisher=Anqa Publishing|pages=29n, 50n, 59, 64–68, 73, 75–78, 82, 102|editor=Angela Jaffray}}</ref>