Editing Washington Heights, Manhattan (section)

==Culture==
===Little Dominican Republic===
[[File:Protestas dominicanas en Nueva York 2020 2.jpg|thumb|Local protests on February 22, 2020 over the postponement of [[2020 Dominican Republic municipal elections|elections in the Dominican Republic]] and the possibility of corruption.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/ny-washington-heights-dominican-republic-protest-20200223-3ctj7q2o35buxfhi624tsnnjou-story.html|work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date=April 19, 2020|title=Thousands of protesters fill Washington Heights streets over bungled Dominican Republic elections|first=Elizabeth|last=Keogh|date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>]]
Washington Heights was designated "Little [[Dominican Republic]]" along with [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]] and part of [[Hamilton Heights, Manhattan|Hamilton Heights]] in 2018,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Patch (website)|Patch]]|access-date=April 19, 2020|title=Upper Manhattan Designated First 'Little Dominican Republic'|url=https://patch.com/new-york/washington-heights-inwood/upper-manhattan-designated-first-little-dominican-republic|date=September 7, 2018|first=Brendan|last=Krisel}}</ref> an area where two-thirds of Hispanic/Latino residents identify as Dominican {{as of|2017|lc=yes}}.<ref name=acsfactfinder2020/> Another name sometimes given to the area is "Quisqueya Heights", in reference to a [[Taíno]] name for [[Hispaniola]] meaning "cradle of life".<ref name=Quisqueya/>{{Rp|30}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/highbridge-park/highlights/12751|title=Highbridge Park Highlights – Quisqueya Playground|access-date=March 29, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref> As Roberto Suro describes in ''Strangers Among Us: Latino Lives in a Changing America'', many Dominicans in Washington Heights lead double lives between the United States and the Dominican Republic, moving between countries and investing money back home.<ref>{{cite book|title=Strangers Among Us: Latino Lives in a Changing America|first=Roberto|last=Suro|access-date=April 19, 2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wwj6QQAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=9780679744566}}</ref>{{Rp|183}} Jorge Duany supports this analysis in ''Quisqueya on the Hudson'', documenting how first-generation immigrants feel a strong cultural connection with the Dominican Republic, reinforced by frequent flights back to the island.<ref name=Quisqueya/>{{Rp|56}} A travel agency owner interviewed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' claimed, "For the Dominican to go to [[Santo Domingo]] during [[Christmas]] and summer is like the [[Muslims]] going to [[Mecca]]."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kugel|first=Seth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/18/nyregion/now-boarding-dreams.html|title=Now Boarding, Dreams|date=November 18, 2001|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 29, 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104458/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/18/nyregion/now-boarding-dreams.html|archive-date=March 7, 2016}}</ref>

One of the most popular flights of the route between New York and Santo Domingo was [[American Airlines Flight 587]]. In November 2001, the flight suffered an accidental crash in [[Belle Harbor, Queens]] shortly after [[takeoff]] from [[John F. Kennedy Airport]], killing all 260 people aboard the plane as well as five Belle Harbor residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20011112-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-605R N14053 Belle Harbor, NY|last=Ranter|first=Harro|date=November 12, 2001|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420004450/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20011112-0|archive-date=April 20, 2014|access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref> Flight 587 had a long history among Dominican New Yorkers, even being referenced in [[Kinito Méndez]] and [[Johnny Ventura]]'s song ''El Avión.''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2001-11-18-0111180400-story.html|title=Plane crash changes meaning of a joyful song|date=November 18, 2001|author=Boston Globe|author-link=Boston Globe|work=[[Baltimore Sun]]|access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2006/nov/11/weekend.garyyounge|title=Flight to the death|last=Younge|first=Gary|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 10, 2006|access-date=March 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113035208/http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2006/nov/11/weekend.garyyounge |archive-date=November 13, 2012}}</ref> A memorial to the crash was built in 2006 near [[Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk]], inscribed with the victims' names and the [[Pedro Mir]] quote "''Después no quiero más que paz''" (which translates to "Afterwards I want nothing more than peace").<ref>{{cite news|title=Families dedicate Flight 587 memorial on 5-year anniversary|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/12/america/NA_GEN_US_Flight_587_Anniversary.php|work=The International Herald Tribune|agency=The Associated Press|publisher=IHT|date=November 12, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201155045/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/12/america/NA_GEN_US_Flight_587_Anniversary.php|archive-date=February 1, 2009}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:Washington Heights Presbyterian Church.jpg|thumb|[[North Presbyterian Church (Manhattan)|North Presbyterian Church]], founded in 1847 and merged with two other congregations, has an [[English Gothic]] design in its present landmarked building, designed in 1904.<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|159}}]]
[[File:Hebrew Tabernacle of Wash Heights jeh.jpg|thumb|The [[Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights]] is a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] congregation whose former location on 161st Street became a [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] [[Kingdom Hall]], while the current landmarked building was previously the Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist until its closure in 1973.<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|97}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/02/nyregion/hebrew-tabernacle-marking-75th-anniversary.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 27, 2021|title=Hebrew Tabernacle Marking 75th Anniversary|date=May 2, 1982}}</ref>]]
Washington Heights' religious institutions are primarily [[Jewish]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].<ref name=dunlap>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJJavoWxzrIC|title=From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship|first=David W.|last=Dunlap|year=2004|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=9780231500722}}</ref> Some of Washington Heights and Inwood's earliest churches were the [[St. Elizabeth Church (Manhattan)|St. Elizabeth Church]], the United Presbyterian Church, and the Mount Washington Presbyterian Church, all built in the mid to late 1800s before the neighborhood urbanized.<ref name=holyrood/>{{Rp|9}} Most of the neighborhood's places of worship date back to the early 1900s, but many have changed or moved as the ethnic composition changed in the later 1900s.

The landmarked [[Fort Washington Presbyterian Church]], built in 1914 in [[neo-Georgian architecture|neo-Georgian style]] according to plans by [[Thomas Hastings (architect)|Thomas Hastings]],<ref name=ftpresbyterianhd/> is an example of how Washington Heights' religious institutions reflected demographic changes in the neighborhood. The church was constructed after a merger between two [[Presbyterian]] churches further south in order to have a location uptown, where many members of the previous congregations were moving.<ref name=holyrood>{{cite book|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2649.pdf|title=Holyrood Episcopal Church – Iglesia Santa Cruz|date=May 18, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}</ref>{{Rp|10}} In 1982, the original congregation turned the church over to ''La Primera Iglesia Española de Washington Heights'', a congregation organized in 1942 by Puerto Rican Presbyterians on 172nd Street and Audubon Avenue.<ref name=ftpresbyterianhd/>{{Rp|11}} Other Protestant churches which changed from a European American to a mostly Caribbean-American congregation in the later part of the 20th century include the landmarked [[Holyrood Episcopal Church]] and Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Dia (a [[Seventh-day Adventist]] church).<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|80}}<ref name=holyrood/>

With the exception of [[Our Lady of Esperanza Church]], which was built in [[Audubon Terrace]] as New York's second Spanish-language Catholic church,<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|163}} the neighborhood's Catholic churches served its large Irish population during the early 1900s.<ref name=CB/>{{Rp|27}} [[Church of the Incarnation, Roman Catholic (Manhattan)|Church of the Incarnation]] and St. Elizabeth Church both started [[Catholic school]]s, which began to serve more and more Dominicans as the Irish moved to the suburbs.<ref name=CB/>{{Rp|130,170}}<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|111,201}}

Other Christian denominations have a smaller but significant presence in Washington Heights, such as Baptist churches and Greek Orthodox churches (most notably [[St. Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church|St. Spyridon]]).<ref name=dunlap/> Also of note is the [[Holy Cross Armenian Apostolic Church (New York City)|Holy Cross Armenian Apostolic Church]], where, in 1933, members of the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] assassinated Eastern Diocese Archbishop [[Levon Tourian]] as he walked down its halls, after which the church needed to be reconsecrated.<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|99}}

Washington Heights' many Jewish institutions underwent significant change throughout the 20th century, with many of their locations in the southern part of the neighborhood being sold to Christian congregations as they closed or moved to more northern areas, where a significant population of Jewish people remained after the white flight of the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=Lowenstein/>{{Rp|220}} Some Jewish congregations were founded by German Jewish immigrants during the flight from Nazi persecution in the 1930s and 1940s, such as the [[Conservative Jewish|Conservative]] [[Fort Tryon Jewish Center]], while others predate it, such as the [[Orthodox Jewish|Orthodox]] [[Mount Sinai Jewish Center]].<ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|79,153}} [[Khal Adath Jeshurun]] is an Orthodox congregation started by Rabbi [[Joseph Breuer]] in New York, a continuation of his father's Jewish community in [[Frankfurt am Main]], which includes the [[Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch]] as a parochial school.<ref name=Lowenstein/><ref name=dunlap/>{{Rp|123}}

===Arts===
[[File:2015 191 Street tunnel 2 vc.jpg|thumb|In 2015, the Northern Manhattan Arts Alliance and the [[New York City Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]] organized with graffiti artists such as [[Cope2]] to repaint the [[191st Street station|191st Street]] subway tunnel.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 30, 2021|date=May 31, 2015|first=Sandra E.|last=Garcia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/01/nyregion/bringing-a-little-color-to-a-passage-at-the-191st-street-station.html|title=Bringing a Little Color to a Passage at the 191st Street Station}}</ref>]]
[[File:2014 United Palace from corner.jpg|thumb|[[United Palace|United Palace Theater]]]]
Washington Heights, along with other parts of the city such as [[the Bronx]], had a significant role in the early history of [[graffiti in New York City]].<ref name=initsownwords>{{cite news|date=June 22, 2006|access-date=March 30, 2021|url=https://nymag.com/guides/summer/17406/|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|title=Graffiti in Its Own Words|first1=Dimitri|last1=Ehrlich|first2=Gregor|last2=Ehrlich}}</ref> In 1971, [[TAKI 183]] (born on 183rd street) was the first graffiti tagger to be exposed to the broader public through a profile in ''The New York Times'';<ref name="NYT1971">{{cite news|title='Taki 183' Spawns Pen Pals|date=July 21, 1971|page=37|url=http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/arts/taki183.pdf|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> 188th Street and Audubon Avenue has also been cited as a location where graffiti writers exchanged names and ideas in the 1970s.<ref name=initsownwords/>

The Northern Manhattan Arts Alliance, founded in 2007 to support local artists,<ref>Marsh, Julia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025533/http://manhattantimesnews.com/covers/Archives/2007/Vol8N40.pdf#page=14 "Manhattan Times Profile: Sandra García Betancourt: Creating a Masterpiece"]. ''Manhattan Times'', October 4, 2007, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2016.</ref> organizes the annual Uptown Arts Stroll, which features artists from Upper Manhattan in public locations for several weeks each summer.<ref name=ArtStroll>[http://www.artstroll.com/ Welcome], Uptown Arts Stroll. Retrieved April 27, 2016.</ref> The [[United Palace]], a landmarked theater built in 1930,<ref name=uphd/> continues as a space for film and live performance in the present day, having featured musicians such as [[John Legend]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Lenny Kravitz]], and [[Lauryn Hill]].<ref name=upca/> Also noteworthy is UP Theater Company, a Washington Heights- and Inwood-based company established in 2010 that performs original plays in the neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uptheater.org/what-we-do|access-date=July 26, 2021|title=The Company|publisher=UP Theater Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date=July 26, 2021|title=Broad Channel is the setting for a new play about an old problem|date=May 11, 2014|first=Lisa L.|last=Colangelo|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/broad-channel-backdrop-new-play-article-1.1786637}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150416/hudson-heights/uptown-play-features-feminist-epic-journey-through-post-apocalyptic-nyc/|first=Lindsay|last=Armstrong|date=April 16, 2015|work=[[DNAInfo]]|title=Uptown Play Features 'Feminist Epic Journey' Through Post-Apocalyptic NYC|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727005913/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150416/hudson-heights/uptown-play-features-feminist-epic-journey-through-post-apocalyptic-nyc/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Washington Heights has also become the setting for creative works such as [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]]'s Broadway musical and film ''[[In the Heights]]'', [[Angie Cruz]]'s novels ''[[Soledad (2001 novel)|Soledad]]'' and ''Dominicana'', and the [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon]] show ''[[The Horror of Dolores Roach]]''.<ref name=intheheights/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/angie-cruz/dominicana/|access-date=March 30, 2021|date=June 17, 2019|website=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|title=DOMINICANA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/angie-cruz/soledad/|access-date=March 30, 2021|date=June 15, 2001|website=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|title=SOLEDAD}}</ref>