Editing Vietnamese language (section)

=== Chinese contact===
[[File:Phở.png|thumb|upright=0.5|Old Nôm character for rice noodle soup "phở". The character [[⽶|米]] on the left means "rice" whilst the character on the right "頗" was used to indicate the sound of the word (''[[Pho|phở]]'').]]
Although Vietnamese roots are classified as Austroasiatic, Vietic, and Viet-Muong, [[language contact]] with Chinese heavily influenced the Vietnamese language, causing it to diverge from [[Viet-Muong]] around the 10th to 11th century and become the Vietnamese we know today. For instance, the Vietnamese word ''quản lý,'' meaning "management" (noun) or "manage" (verb), likely descended from the same word as ''guǎnlǐ'' ({{lang|zh|管理}}) in Chinese (also ''kanri'' ({{lang|ja|管理}}, {{lang|ja|かんり}}) in Japanese and ''gwalli'' (''gwan+ri''; {{Korean|hangul=관리|hanja=管理}}) in Korean). Instances of Chinese contact include the historical [[Nam Việt]] (aka [[Nanyue]]) as well as other periods of influence. Besides English and French, which have made some contributions to the Vietnamese language, Japanese loanwords into Vietnamese are also a more recently studied phenomenon.

Modern linguists describe modern Vietnamese having lost many [[Proto-Mon–Khmer language|Proto-Austroasiatic]] phonological and morphological features that original Vietnamese had.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LaPolla|first=Randy J.|date=2010|title="Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages."|url=|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|volume=2|issue=5|pages=6858–6868|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036}}</ref> The Chinese influence on Vietnamese corresponds to various periods when Vietnam was under [[Vietnam under Chinese rule|Chinese rule]] and subsequent influence after Vietnam became independent. Early linguists thought that this meant the Vietnamese lexicon had only two influxes of Chinese words, one stemming from the period under actual Chinese rule and a second from afterwards. These words are grouped together as [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary]].

However, according to linguist John Phan, “Annamese Middle Chinese” was already used and spoken in the [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] Valley by the 1st century CE, and its vocabulary significantly fused with the co-existing Proto-Viet-Muong language, the immediate ancestor of Vietnamese. He lists three major classes of Sino-Vietnamese borrowings:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Phan|first=John|date=2013-01-28|title=Lacquered Words: The Evolution Of Vietnamese Under Sinitic Influences From The 1St Century Bce Through The 17Th Century Ce|url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/33867|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author1=Phan, John D. |author2=de Sousa, Hilário|date=2016|title=(Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)|url=http://hilario.bambooradical.com/downloadables/Phan-de-Sousa-2016-03-11-Rutgers-Southwester-Middle-Chinese.pptx.pdf|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phan|first=John|date=2010|title="Re-Imagining 'Annam': A New Analysis of Sino–Viet–Muong Linguistic Contact"|url=|journal=Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies|volume=4|pages=3–24|via=}}</ref> Early [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]] ([[Han dynasty]] ca. 1st century CE and [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] ca. 4th century CE), Late Sino-Vietnamese ([[Tang dynasty]]), and Recent Sino-Vietnamese ([[Ming dynasty]] and afterwards)