Editing Ulama (section)

====Muslim mass organizations====
In 1912, the [[Muhammadiyah]] organization was founded in [[Yogyakarta]] (in modern-day [[Indonesia]]),<ref>{{cite book | first=Suaidi | last=Asyari|title=Traditionalist vs. Modernist Islam in Indonesian Politics: Muhammadiyah|publisher=VDM Verlag Dr. Müller|location=Saarbrücken|isbn=978-3-639-22993-6|date=2010|language=de}}</ref> which, together with [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] ("Reawakening of the ulama"), founded in 1926, form the two largest Muslim organizations in the world.<ref>{{cite book| first=John | last=Esposito| title=Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics| date=2013| publisher=OUP USA| page=570| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc7iAAAAQBAJ&q=nahdlatul+ulama+world%27s+largest&pg=PA570| access-date=24 April 2017| isbn=9780195395891}}</ref> Since the 1930s, their religious boarding schools (''pesantren'') also taught mathematics, natural sciences, English and history. Since the 1980, the Nahdlatul Ulama schools also offered degrees in economy, jurisdiction, paedagogical and medical sciences. In the 1990s, under their leader [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], the organization adopted an anti-fundamentalistic doctrine, teaching democracy and pluralism.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Azyumardi | last1=Aura | first2=Dina | last2=Afrianty | first3=Robert W. | last3=Hefner |chapter=Pesantren and madrasa: Muslim schools and national ideale in Indonesia | editor-last=Hefner | editor-first=Robert W. | editor-last2=Zaman | editor-first2=Muhammad Qasim | title=Schooling Islam: The culture and politics of modern Muslim education | publisher=Princeton University Press | publication-place=Princeton, New Jersey | date=2007-01-07 | isbn=978-0-691-12933-4}}</ref>

[[Darul Uloom Deoband]], next to al-Azhar one of the most influential madrasas, was founded in the city of [[Deoband]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], in 1867. Initially, the intention of the school was to help Indian Muslims, who had become subjects of the British Empire after 1857, to lead their lives according to Islamic law. The Deobandi propagate a Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school, which was the most prevalent madhhab in South Asia. Still today, they aim at a revival of the Islamic society and education. Following the example of Deoband, thousands of madrasas were founded during the late 19th century which adopted the Deobandi way of studying fundamental texts of Islam and commenting on Quran and Hadith. By referring back to traditional Islamic scholars, the Deobandi School aims at defending the traditional Islamic madhhab, especially the Hanafi, against criticism which arose from other Islamic schools like the [[Ahl-i Hadith]].<ref>{{cite book| last=Metcalf | first=Barbara Daly | title=Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900| publisher=Princeton University Press| location=Princeton, NJ| date=1982| isbn=978-0-19-566049-4| url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/33813}}</ref> During the 1990s, the Afghan ''taliban'' also referred to the Deoband School.<ref>{{cite book | last=Metcalf | first=Barbara D. |chapter="Traditionalist" Islamic activism: Deoband, tablighis, and talibs | editor-last=Calhoun | editor-first=Craig J. | editor-last2=Price | editor-first2=Paul | editor-last3=Timmer | editor-first3=Ashley S. | title=Understanding September 11 | publisher=W. W. Norton / The New Press | publication-place=New York | date=2002 | isbn=978-1-56584-774-3 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingsep0000unse/page/53 53–66, see p. 55] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/understandingsep0000unse/page/53 }}</ref> [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] (1863–1943) is one of the most prominent teachers of Darul Uloom Deoband. Thanwi initiated and edited multi-volume encyclopedic commentaries on the Quran. However, he was also able to reach out to a larger audience: His book [[Bahishti Zewar]], which is still widely read in South Asia, as it details, amongst other topics, the proper conduct and beliefs for Muslim women.<ref>{{cite book| author=Ashraf ʻAlī Thānvī, Barbara Daly Metcalf| title=Perfecting Women: Maulana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Bihishti Zewar| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjKv1IhDoMgC|year=1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08093-5}}</ref>

[[Ahl-i Hadith]] is a movement which emerged in North India in the mid-19th century. By rejecting ''[[taqlid]]'' (following legal precedent) and favoring ''[[ijtihad]]'' (independent legal reasoning) based on the foundational scriptures of Islam, they oppose the traditional madhhab and criticize their reliance on legal authorities other than the traditional texts.<ref>{{cite book| last=Metcalf | first=Barbara Daly | title=Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900| publisher=Princeton University Press| location=Princeton, NJ| date=1982| isbn=978-0-19-566049-4| url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/33813| pages=264–296}}</ref> The Ahl-i Hadith was the first organization which printed and spread the works of Muhammad ash-Shawkani, whose writings did also influence the doctrine of the Salafi movement in the Arab Middle East and worldwide.<ref>{{cite book| last=Haykel | first=Bernard | title=Revival and reform in Islam: The legacy of Muhammad al-Shawkānī| publisher=Cambridge University Press| location=Cambridge, UK| year=2003| isbn=978-0-521-52890-0}}</ref>

[[Muslim World League]] is an international non-governmental Islamic organization based in [[Mecca|Mecca, Saudi Arabia]] that is a member of [[UNICEF]], [[UNESCO]] and [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themwl.org/en/mwl-membership-in-international-orgs|title=Memberships of Muslim World League in international institutions and organizations|website=Muslim World League|language=en|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref> It aims to resolve the issues faced by the Islamic community by organizing scholarly conferences with the ulama around the world in order to form public Islamic opinions based on principles of moderation, peace and harmony.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The MWL Journal 2019 February Issue|url=https://www.themwl.org/sites/default/files/The%20MWL%20Journal%202019%20February.pdf|journal=The MWL Journal}}</ref>