Editing Tycho Brahe (section)

=== Subsequent developments in astronomy ===
Kepler used Tycho's records of the motion of Mars to deduce [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|laws of planetary motion]],{{sfn|Stephenson|1987|pp=22, 39, 51, 204}} enabling calculation of astronomical tables with unprecedented accuracy (the ''Rudolphine Tables''){{refn|1=According to Owen Gingerich{{sfn|Taton|Wilson|1989|p=77}} and Christopher Linton,{{sfn|Linton|2004|p=224}} these tables were some 30 times more accurate than other astronomical tables then available.|group=note}} and providing powerful support for a [[heliocentric]] model of the Solar System.{{sfn|Swerdlow|2004|p=96}}{{sfn|Stephenson|1987|pp=67{{ndash}}68}}
[[File:Naboth Capella.JPG|thumb|[[Valentin Naboth]]'s drawing of [[Martianus Capella]]'s geo-heliocentric astronomical model (1573)]]

Galileo's 1610 telescopic discovery that Venus shows a full set of phases refuted the pure geocentric Ptolemaic model. After that it seems 17th-century astronomy mostly converted to geo-heliocentric planetary models that could explain these phases just as well as the heliocentric model could, but without the latter's disadvantage of the failure to detect any annual stellar parallax that Tycho and others regarded as refuting it.{{sfn|Taton|Wilson|1989}}{{page needed|date=December 2022}} 

The three main geo-heliocentric models were the Tychonic, the Capellan with just Mercury and Venus orbiting the Sun such as favoured by [[Francis Bacon]], for example, and the extended Capellan model of [[Riccioli]] with Mars also orbiting the Sun whilst Saturn and Jupiter orbit the fixed Earth. The Tychonic model was probably the most popular, albeit probably in what was known as 'the semi-Tychonic' version with a daily rotating Earth. This model was advocated by Tycho's ex-assistant and disciple [[Longomontanus]], in his 1622 ''Astronomia Danica'', that was the intended completion of Tycho's planetary model with his observational data, and which was regarded as the canonical statement of the complete Tychonic planetary system. Longomontanus' work was published in several editions and used by many subsequent astronomers. Through him, the Tychonic system was adopted by astronomers as far away as China.{{sfn|Hashimoto|1987}}

[[File:Libr0309.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Johannes Kepler published the ''Rudolphine Tables'' containing a star catalog and planetary tables using Tycho's measurements. Hven island appears west uppermost on the base.]]

The ardent anti-heliocentric French astronomer [[Jean-Baptiste Morin (mathematician)|Jean-Baptiste Morin]] devised a Tychonic planetary model with elliptical orbits published in 1650 in a simplified, Tychonic version of the ''Rudolphine Tables''.{{sfn|Taton|Wilson|1989|pp=42, 50, 166}} Another geocentric French astronomer, [[Jacques du Chevreul]], rejected Tycho's observations including his description of the heavens and the theory that Mars was below the Sun.{{sfn|Feingold|Navarro-Brotons|2006}}{{page needed|date=December 2022}} Some acceptance of the Tychonic system persisted through the 17th century and in places until the early 18th century. It was supported after a 1633 decree about the Copernican controversy, by "a flood of pro-Tycho literature" of Jesuit origin. Among pro-Tycho Jesuits, Ignace Pardies declared in 1691 that it was still the commonly accepted system, and Francesco Blanchinus reiterated that as late as 1728.{{sfn|Taton|Wilson|1989|p=41}} 

Persistence of the Tychonic system, especially in Catholic countries, has been attributed to its satisfaction of a need, relative to Catholic doctrine, for "a safe synthesis of ancient and modern". After 1670, even many Jesuit writers only thinly disguised their Copernicanism. In Germany, the Netherlands, and England, the Tychonic system "vanished from the literature much earlier".{{sfn|Taton|Wilson|1989|p=43}}

[[James Bradley]]'s discovery of [[stellar aberration]], published in 1729, eventually gave direct evidence excluding the possibility of all forms of geocentrism including Tycho's. Stellar aberration could only be satisfactorily explained on the basis that the Earth is in annual orbit around the Sun, with an orbital velocity that combines with the finite speed of the light coming from an observed star or planet, to affect the apparent direction of the body observed.{{sfn|Taton|Wilson|1989|p=205}}