Editing Tungsten (section)

===Electronics===
Because it retains its strength at high temperatures and has a high [[melting point]], elemental tungsten is used in many high-temperature applications,<ref>{{cite book| author = DeGarmo, E. Paul|title = Materials and Processes in Manufacturing| url = https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h7m4| url-access = registration|edition = 5th|publisher = New York: MacMillan Publishing|date = 1979}}</ref> such as [[incandescent light bulb]], [[cathode-ray tube]], and [[vacuum tube]] filaments, [[heating element]]s, and [[rocket engine]] nozzles.<ref name="albert" /> Its high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for aerospace and high-temperature uses such as electrical, heating, and welding applications, notably in the [[gas tungsten arc welding]] process (also called tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cary |first1=Howard B. |last2=Helzer |first2=Scott |year=2005 |title=Modern welding Technology |edition=6th |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-113029-6}}</ref>

[[File:TIG torch breakdown.JPG|thumb|Tungsten electrode used in a [[gas tungsten arc welding]] torch]]
[[File:Tungsten filament in an incandescent light.JPG|thumb|Tungsten filament is used in incandescent lightbulbs, where it is heated until it glows]]

Because of its conductive properties and relative chemical inertness, tungsten is also used in [[electrode]]s, and in the emitter tips in electron-beam instruments that use [[field emission gun]]s, such as [[electron microscope]]s. In electronics, tungsten is used as an interconnect material in [[integrated circuit]]s, between the [[silicon dioxide]] [[dielectric]] material and the transistors. It is used in metallic films, which replace the wiring used in conventional electronics with a coat of tungsten (or [[molybdenum]]) on [[silicon]].<ref name="manny">{{cite book| author = Schey, John A.|title = Introduction to Manufacturing Processes|edition = 2nd|publisher = McGraw-Hill, Inc.|date = 1987}}</ref>

The electronic structure of tungsten makes it one of the main sources for [[X-ray]] targets,<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PrMwHqXl0C&pg=PA29 | pages = 29–35 | title = Christensen's physics of diagnostic radiology | isbn = 978-0-8121-1310-5 | last1 = Curry | first1 = Thomas S. | last2 = Dowdey | first2 = James E. | last3 = Murry | first3 = Robert C. | last4 = Christensen | first4 = Edward E. | date = 1990-08-01 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171111192331/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2PrMwHqXl0C&pg=PA29 | archive-date = 2017-11-11 }}</ref><ref name="patent">Hasz, Wayne Charles ''et al.'' (August 6, 2002) "X-ray target" {{US patent|6428904}}</ref> and also for shielding from high-energy [[radiation]]s (such as in the [[radiopharmaceutical]] industry for shielding radioactive samples of [[Fludeoxyglucose (18F)|FDG]]). It is also used in gamma imaging as a material from which coded apertures are made, due to its excellent shielding properties. Tungsten powder is used as a filler material in [[plastic]] composites, which are used as a nontoxic substitute for [[lead]] in [[bullet]]s, [[lead shot|shot]], and radiation shields. Since this element's thermal expansion is similar to [[borosilicate glass]], it is used for making glass-to-metal seals.<ref name="desu" /> In addition to its high melting point, when tungsten is doped with potassium, it leads to an increased shape stability (compared with non-doped tungsten). This ensures that the filament does not sag, and no undesired changes occur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ucfilament.com/nonsag-tungsten/|title=Non-Sag Doped Tungsten – Union City Filament|work=Union City Filament|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=2017-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501091144/http://ucfilament.com/nonsag-tungsten/}}</ref>

Tungsten is used in producing vibration motors, also known as mobile vibrators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.samaterials.com/content/how-much-gold-can-an-iphone-refine.html |title=How Much Gold Can an iPhone Refine? |last=Trento |first=Chin |date=Mar 8, 2024 |website=Stanford Advanced Materials |access-date=June 26, 2024}}</ref>  These motors are integral components that provide tactile feedback to users, alerting them to incoming calls, messages, and notifications.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=8558677B2 |status=patent |title=Tactile alerting mechanism for portable communications device |invent1=S. Stephen |pubdate=Oct 10, 2013}}</ref> Tungsten's high density, hardness, and wear resistance property helps to endure the high-speed rotational vibrations these motors generate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nissen |first1=Nils F. |last2=Reinhold |first2=Julia |title=EcoDesign and Sustainability I: Products, Services, and Business Models |chapter=Recyclability of Tungsten, Tantalum and Neodymium from Smartphones |pages=365–381 |publisher=Springer Singapore |year=2021 |editor-last1=Inoue |editor-first1=M. |editor-last2=Fukushige |editor-first2=S. |isbn=978-981-15-6779-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Micallef |first1=Christian |last2=Zhuk |first2=Yuri |date=2020 |title=Recent Progress in Precision Machining and Surface Finishing of Tungsten Carbide Hard Composite Coatings |journal=Coatings |volume=10 |issue=8 |page=731 |doi=10.3390/coatings10080731|doi-access=free }}</ref>