Editing Tuna (section)

==Management and conservation==
[[File:Tuna-lifecycle1.jpg|thumb|400px|{{center|Life cycle}}]]

The main tuna fishery management bodies are the [[Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission]], the [[Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission]], the [[Indian Ocean Tuna Commission]], the [[International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas]], and the [[Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = WWF demands tuna monitoring system
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/WWF-demands-tuna-monitoring-system/2007/01/19/1169095972203.html
| date = 2007-01-19 |df=dmy-all
| access-date = 2008-05-19
| location=Melbourne
| work=The Age
}}</ref> The five gathered for the first time in [[Kobe]], Japan in January 2007. Environmental organizations made submissions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/documents-reports/rfmo-kobe |title=Briefing: Joint Tuna RFMO Meeting, Kobe 2007 |df=dmy-all |date=2007-01-23 |access-date=2008-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323185155/http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/documents-reports/rfmo-kobe |archive-date=23 March 2008}}</ref> on risks to fisheries and species. The meeting concluded with an action plan drafted by some 60 countries or areas. Concrete steps include issuing certificates of origin to prevent [[illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing|illegal fishing]] and greater transparency in the setting of regional fishing quotas. The delegates were scheduled to meet at another joint meeting in January or February 2009 in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1834563.htm |title=Conference approves global plan to save tuna stocks |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=2007-01-26 |access-date=2008-05-10 |df=dmy-all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111070803/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200701/s1834563.htm |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref>

In 2010, [[Greenpeace]] International added the [[albacore]], [[bigeye tuna]], [[Pacific bluefin tuna]], [[Atlantic bluefin tuna]], [[southern bluefin tuna]], and [[yellowfin tuna]] to its seafood red list, which are fish "commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species |title=Greenpeace International Seafood Red list |publisher=Greenpeace.org |date=2003-03-17 |access-date=2010-09-22 |df=dmy-all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820034707/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species |archive-date=20 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/magazine/27Tuna-t.html | title=Tuna's End | first=Paul | last=Greenberg |df=dmy-all | date=2010-06-21 | work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Bluefin tuna have been widely accepted as being severely [[Overfishing|overfished]], with some stocks at risk of collapse.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7040011.stm |title=Last rites for a marine marvel? |first=Richard |last=Black |work=BBC News |date=17 October 2007 |df=dmy-all |access-date=17 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>Ito, Masami, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100831i1.html Does Japan's affair with tuna mean loving it to extinction?]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', 31 August 2010, p. 3. {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> According to the [[International Seafood Sustainability Foundation]] (a global, nonprofit partnership between the tuna industry, scientists, and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]), Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna, Pacific Ocean (eastern and western) [[bigeye tuna]], and North Atlantic [[albacore]] tuna are all overfished. In April 2009, no stock of [[skipjack tuna]] (which makes up roughly 60% of all tuna fished worldwide) was considered to be overfished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iss-foundation.org/files/e71afd66-086a-41c7-a71c-c2935687dcef/ISSF_A-2%20Summary%20(3).pdf |title=Status of the World Fisheries for Tuna: Section A-2 – Summary |publisher=ISSF |date= 15 April 2009 |df=dmy-all |access-date= 10 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327022746/http://www.iss-foundation.org/files/e71afd66-086a-41c7-a71c-c2935687dcef/ISSF_A-2%20Summary%20%283%29.pdf |archive-date= 27 March 2010 }}</ref>

The [[BBC]] documentary ''[[South Pacific (TV series)|South Pacific]]'', which first aired in May 2009, stated that, should fishing in the Pacific continue at its current rate, populations of all tuna species could collapse within five years. It highlighted huge Japanese and European tuna fishing vessels, sent to the South Pacific international waters after overfishing their own fish stocks to the point of collapse.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Fragile Paradise |series=South Pacific |credits=Produced and directed by Jonathan Clay |network=BBC |station=BBC Two |df=dmy-all |air-date=2009-06-14}}</ref>

A 2010 tuna fishery assessment report, released in January 2012 by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, supported this finding, recommending that all tuna fishing should be reduced or limited to current levels and that limits on skipjack fishing be considered.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www3.cookislandsnews.com/2012/January/Wed18/environment.htm
|title=Tuna overfishing continues
|publisher=Cook Islands News
|date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all
|access-date=2012-05-19
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115074636/http://www.cookislandsnews.com/2012/January/Wed18/environment.htm
|archive-date=2013-11-15
}}</ref>

Research<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Roxy |first1=Mathew Koll |last2=Modi |first2=Aditi |last3=Murtugudde |first3=Raghu |last4=Valsala |first4=Vinu |last5=Panickal |first5=Swapna |last6=Prasanna Kumar |first6=S. |last7=Ravichandran |first7=M. |last8=Vichi |first8=Marcello |last9=Lévy |first9=Marina |title=A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=28 January 2016 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=826–833 |doi=10.1002/2015GL066979 |bibcode=2016GeoRL..43..826R |doi-access=free }}</ref> indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the tuna in the Indian Ocean, where rapid warming of the ocean has resulted in a reduction of marine [[phytoplankton]]. The bigeye tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species.<ref name=":0" />