Editing Tokyo (section)

=== Architecture ===
{{See also|Architecture of Tokyo}}Tokyo's buildings are too diverse to be characterized by any specific architectural style, but it can be generally said that a majority of extant structures were built in the past hundred years.<ref name="spatial">Hidenobu Jinnai. ''Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology''. University of California Press (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=LT3C3PQGt-IC&pg=PA1 pp. 1–3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181809/https://books.google.com/books?id=LT3C3PQGt-IC&pg=PA1&sig=Nt5t1_CL_B8kcncWgb93-B4h6dQ |date=January 1, 2016 }}. {{ISBN|0-520-07135-2}}.</ref> Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]] and later after [[Bombing of Tokyo|extensive firebombing in World War II]].<ref name="spatial" />

==== Early modern (1407–1868) ====
{{multiple image
| total_width       = 400
| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| header            = Extant pre-17th century structures in Tokyo
| image1            = Shofuku-ji main hall (1) 2023-09-10.jpg
| caption1          = [[Shōfuku-ji (Higashimurayama)|Shōfuku-ji]], built in 1407
| image3            = KokyoFushimiYaguraM1070.jpg
| caption3          = A lookout tower at the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]], formerly [[Edo Castle]]
}}
The oldest known extant building in Tokyo is [[Shōfuku-ji (Higashimurayama)|Shofukuji]] in [[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashi-Murayama]]. The current building was constructed in 1407, during the [[Muromachi period]] (1336–1573).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jizodo at Shofuku-ji Temple {{!}} July 2020 {{!}} Highlighting Japan |url=https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/202007/202007_13_en.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.gov-online.go.jp |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205051812/https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/202007/202007_13_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although greatly reduced in number by later fires, earthquakes, and air raids, a considerable number of Edo-era buildings survive to this day. The [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]], which was occupied by the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa Shogunate]] as [[Edo Castle]] during the [[Edo period|Edo Period]] (1603–1868), has many gates and towers dating from that era, although the main palace buildings and the [[Tenshu|tenshu tower]] have been lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Edo Castle |url=https://www.env.go.jp/garden/kokyogaien/english/former_edo_castle.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The National Environmental Research and Training Institute(NGP) |language=en |archive-date=June 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621162436/https://www.env.go.jp/garden/kokyogaien/english/former_edo_castle.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Numerous temple and shrine buildings in Tokyo date from this era: the [[Ueno Tōshō-gū|Ueno Toshogu]] still maintains the original 1651 building built by the third shogun [[Tokugawa Iemitsu|Iemitsu Tokugawa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ueno Toshogu Website |url=https://www.uenotoshogu.com/en/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=上野東照宮公式ホームページ |language=en |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214142549/https://www.uenotoshogu.com/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although partially destroyed during the Second World War, [[Zōjō-ji|Zojo-ji]], which houses the Tokugawa family mausoleum, still has grand Edo-era buildings such as the Sangedatsu gate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=大本山 増上寺 |url=https://www.zojoji.or.jp/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.zojoji.or.jp |language=ja |archive-date=June 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120940/https://www.zojoji.or.jp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kan'ei-ji|Kaneiji]] has grand 17th-century buildings such as the five-storey pagoda and the Shimizudo. The [[Nezu Shrine]] and [[Gokoku-ji|Gokokuji]] were built by the fifth shogun [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi|Tsunayoshi Tokugawa]] in the late 1600s. All feudal lords ([[daimyo]]) had large Edo houses where they stayed when in Edo; at one point, these houses amounted to half the total area of Edo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=香原斗志 |date=2021-07-13 |title=五輪で世界の目が集まる東京に残る、訪れるべき江戸の名建築、私的ベストテン──東京でみつける江戸 最終回 |url=https://www.gqjapan.jp/lifestyle/article/20210713-edo-30 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=GQ JAPAN |language=ja-JP |archive-date=June 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621162451/https://www.gqjapan.jp/lifestyle/article/20210713-edo-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> None of the grand Edo-era daimyo houses still exist in Tokyo, as their vast land footprint made them easy targets for redevelopment programs for modernization during the [[Meiji era|Meiji Period]]. Some gardens were immune from such fates and are today open to the public; [[Hama-rikyū Gardens|Hamarikyu]] ([[Kōfu Domain|Kofu Tokugawa family]]), [[Kyū Shiba Rikyū Garden|Shibarikyu]] ([[Kishū Tokugawa family|Kishu Tokugawa family]]), [[Koishikawa-Kōrakuen|Koishikawa Korakuen]] ([[Mito Tokugawa family]]), [[Rikugi-en Gardens|Rikugien]] ([[Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu|Yanagisawa family]]), and [[Higo Hosokawa Garden]] ([[Hosokawa clan|Hosokawa family]]). The [[Akamon (Tokyo)|Akamon]], which is now widely seen as a symbol of the [[University of Tokyo]], was originally built to commemorate the marriage of a shogun's daughter into the [[Maeda clan]], one of the most affluent of the feudal lords, while the campus itself occupies their former edo estate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The University of Tokyo |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/whyutokyo/hongo_hi_007.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The University of Tokyo |language=en |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724235353/https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/whyutokyo/hongo_hi_007.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{wide image|Edo Panorama old Tokyo color photochrom.jpg|1200px|Edo, 1865 or 1866. [[Photochrom]] print. Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama. Photographer: [[Felice Beato]].}}

==== Modern (1869–1945) ====
{{multiple image
| total_width       = 400
| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| header            = Extant brick or stone buildings in Tokyo
| image1            = Akasaka Palace 6.jpg
| caption1          = [[Akasaka Palace|Akasaka State Guest House]], originally the Crown Prince's residence, built in 1909
| image3            = Tokyo Station Marunouchi Building P5228723.jpg
| caption3          = [[Tokyo Station]], built in 1914
}}

The [[Meiji era]] saw a rapid modernization in architectural styles as well; until the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|Great Kanto Earthquake]] in 1923 exposed their weakness to seismic shocks, grand brick buildings were constantly built across the city. [[Tokyo Station]] (1914), the [[Old Ministry of Justice Building|Ministry of Justice building]] (1895), the [[International Library of Children's Literature]] (1906), and [[Mitsubishi Ichigokan Museum, Tokyo|Mistubishi building one]] (1894, rebuilt in 2010) are some of the few brick survivors from this period. It was regarded as fashionable by some members of the [[Kazoku|Japanese aristocracy]] to build their Tokyo residences in grand and modern styles, and some of these buildings still exist, although most are in private hands and open to the public on limited occasions. Aristocratic residences today open to the public include the [[Komaba Park|Marquess Maeda residence]] in [[Komaba]], the [[Kyū-Iwasaki-tei Garden|Baron Iwasaki residence]] in Ikenohata, and the [[Kyū-Furukawa Gardens|Baron Furukawa residence]] in Nishigahara.

{{multiple image
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| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| header            = Extant concrete buildings from the interwar period
| image1            = Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Head Office 2012.JPG
| caption1          = [[Meiji Seimei Kan|Meiji Insurance Headquarters]], completed in 1934
| image3            = 
| caption3          = 
| image2            = National Diet Building 02.jpg
| caption2          = [[National Diet Building]], built between 1920 and 1936
}}

The Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 ushered in an era of concrete architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=岩淵水門が示した「コンクリートの威力」 |url=https://www.ara-amoa.com/arakawa100th/special-event/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=荒川知水資料館 amoa |language=ja-JP}}</ref> Surviving reinforced concrete buildings from this era include the [[Meiji Seimei Kan|Meiji Insurance Headquarters]] (completed in 1934), the Mitsui Headquarters (1929), [[Mitsukoshi|Mitsukoshi Nihonbashi flagship store]] (1914, refurbished in 1925), [[Takashimaya|Takashimaya Nihonbashi flagship store]] (1932), [[Wako (retailer)|Wako]] in Ginza (1932) and [[Isetan|Isetan Shinjuku flagship store]] (1933). This spread of earthquake and fire-resistant architecture reached council housing too, most notably the [[Dōjunkai|Dōjunkai apartments]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02665433.2016.1160326 | doi=10.1080/02665433.2016.1160326 | title=Tokyo's ''Dojunkai'' experiment: Courtyard apartment blocks 1926–1932 | date=2016 | last1=Tewari | first1=Shilpi | last2=Beynon | first2=David | journal=Planning Perspectives | volume=31 | issue=3 | pages=469–483 | bibcode=2016PlPer..31..469T | access-date=June 22, 2024 | archive-date=June 22, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622053154/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02665433.2016.1160326 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The 1930s saw the rise of styles that combined characteristics of both traditional Japanese and modern designs. [[Itō Chūta|Chuta Ito]] was a leading figure in this movement, and his extant works in Tokyo include [[Tsukiji Hongan-ji]] (1934). The [[Imperial Crown Style]], which often features Japanese-style roofs on top of elevated concrete structures, was adopted for the [[Tokyo National Museum]] in Ueno and the Kudan Hall in [[Kudanminami]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=大介 |first=三村 |date=2022-06-13 |title=Was the Imperial Crown Style Really Nationalistic? |url=https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/71480 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=JBpress autograph |language=ja |archive-date=June 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622053151/https://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/71480 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Contemporary (1946–) ====
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Tokyo}}{{multiple image
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| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| header            = Contemporary buildings in Tokyo
| image1            = Kokuritsu Yoyogi Kyōgijō 1.jpg
| caption1          = [[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]], completed in 1964
| image3            = 
| caption3          = 
| image2            = 2018 National Art Center, Tokyo 2.jpg
| caption2          = [[National Art Center, Tokyo|National Art Center]], completed in 2007
}}
Since the 30-metre height restriction was lifted in the 1960s, Tokyo's most dense areas have been dominated by skyscrapers. As of May 2024, at least 184 buildings are exceeding 150 metres (492 feet) in Tokyo. Apart from these, [[Tokyo Tower]] (333m) and [[Tokyo Skytree]] (634m) feature high-elevation observation decks; the latter is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the third tallest structure in the world.<ref name="skytree" /> With a scheduled completion date in 2027, [[Torch Tower (Japan)|Torch Tower]] (385m) will overtake [[Azabudai Hills|Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower]] (325.2m) as the tallest building in Tokyo.

[[Kenzō Tange|Kenzo Tange]] designed notable contemporary buildings in Tokyo, including [[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]] (1964), [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Tokyo|St. Mary's Cathedral]] (1967), and the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building]] (1991). [[Kisho Kurokawa]] was also active in the city, and his works there include the [[The National Art Center, Tokyo|National Art Center]] (2005) and the [[Nakagin Capsule Tower]] (1972). Other notable contemporary buildings in Tokyo include the [[Tokyo Dome]], [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]], [[Roppongi Hills]], [[Tokyo International Forum]], and [[Asahi Beer Hall]].
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{{wide image|Tokyo from the top of the SkyTree (cropped).JPG|1500px|A panoramic view of Tokyo from the [[Tokyo Skytree]]}}{{Clear}}