Editing Tocopherol (section)

===Cancer===
From reviews of observational studies, diets higher in vitamin E content were associated with a lower relative risk of [[kidney cancer]],<ref name=Shen2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shen C, Huang Y, Yi S, Fang Z, Li L | title = Association of Vitamin E Intake with Reduced Risk of Kidney Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies | journal = Medical Science Monitor | volume = 21 | pages = 3420–6 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26547129 | pmc = 4644018 | doi = 10.12659/MSM.896018 }}</ref> [[bladder cancer]],<ref name=Wang2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang YY, Wang XL, Yu ZJ | title = Vitamin C and E intake and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies | journal = International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 11 | pages = 4154–64 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25550926 | pmc = 4276184 }}</ref> and [[lung cancer]]<ref name=Zhu2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu YJ, Bo YC, Liu XX, Qiu CG | title = Association of dietary vitamin E intake with risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis | journal = Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 271–277 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28244705 | doi = 10.6133/apjcn.032016.04 }}</ref> When comparisons were made between the lowest and highest groups for dietary vitamin E consumption from food, the average reductions in relative risk were in the range of 16-19%. For all of these reviews, the authors noted that the findings needed to be confirmed by prospective studies.<ref name=Shen2015/><ref name=Wang2014/><ref name=Zhu2017/> From [[randomized clinical trial]]s (RCTs) in which α-tocopherol was administered as a dietary supplement, results differed from the dietary intake reviews. A RCT of 400 IU/day of α-tocopherol did not reduce risk of bladder cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lotan Y, Goodman PJ, Youssef RF, Svatek RS, Shariat SF, Tangen CM, Thompson IM, Klein EA | title = Evaluation of vitamin E and selenium supplementation for the prevention of bladder cancer in SWOG coordinated SELECT | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 187 | issue = 6 | pages = 2005–10 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22498220 | pmc = 4294531 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.117 }}</ref> In male tobacco smokers, 50&nbsp;mg/day had no impact on developing lung cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 330 | issue = 15 | pages = 1029–35 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8127329 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199404143301501 | last1 = Alpha-Tocopherol | first1 = Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group | doi-access = free }}</ref> A review of RCTs for [[colorectal cancer]] reported lack of a statistically significant reduction in risk.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arain MA, Abdul Qadeer A | title = Systematic review on "vitamin E and prevention of colorectal cancer" | journal = Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–30 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20363687 }}</ref> In male tobacco smokers, 50&nbsp;mg/day reduced prostate cancer risk by 32%,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Mäenpää H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK | title = Prostate cancer and supplementation with α-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 90 | issue = 6 | pages = 440–6 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9521168 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/90.6.440 | doi-access = free }}</ref> but in a different trial, majority non-smokers, 400 IU/day increased risk by 17%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL, Baker LH | title = Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) | journal = JAMA | volume = 306 | issue = 14 | pages = 1549–56 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21990298 | pmc = 4169010 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2011.1437 }}</ref> In women who consumed either placebo or 600 IU of natural-source vitamin E on alternate days for an average of 10.1 years there were no significant differences for [[breast cancer]], lung cancer, or colon cancer.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE | title = Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial | journal = JAMA | volume = 294 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–65 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15998891 | doi = 10.1001/jama.294.1.56 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] initiated a process of reviewing and approving food and dietary supplement health claims in 1993. A Qualified Health Claim issued in 2012 allows product label claims that vitamin E may reduce risk of renal, bladder, and colorectal cancers, with a stipulation that the label must include a mandatory qualifier sentence: “FDA has concluded that there is very little scientific evidence for this claim.”<ref name=FDA2012>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171114183722/https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm306866.htm Alliance for Natural Health v. Sebelius, Case No. 09-1546 (D.D.C.)] U.S. Food & Drug Administration May 17, 2012</ref> The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) reviews proposed health claims for the [[European Union]] countries. As of March 2018, EFSA has not evaluated any vitamin E and cancer prevention claims.