Editing The Taming of the Shrew (section)

== Adaptations ==

=== Plays ===
{{Main|The Taming of the Shrew in performance#Theatrical adaptations}}

=== Opera ===
The first opera based on the play was [[Ferdinando Bertoni]]'s [[opera buffa]] ''Il duca di Atene'' (1780), with [[libretto]] by Carlo Francesco Badini.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Christopher R. | chapter=Shakespeare, William | editor-last=Sadie | editor-first=Stanley | editor-link=Stanley Sadie | title=The New Grove Dictionary of Opera | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=Four | isbn=978-0-19-522186-2| title-link=The New Grove Dictionary of Opera | date=2004 }}</ref>

[[Frederic Reynolds]]' ''Catherine and Petruchio'' (1828) is an adaptation of Garrick, with an [[overture]] taken from [[Gioachino Rossini]], songs derived from numerous Shakespeare plays and [[Shakespeare's sonnets|sonnets]], and music by [[John Braham (tenor)|John Braham]] and [[Thomas Simpson Cooke]].{{sfnp|Quiller-Couch|Wilson|1953|p=184}} Starring [[Fanny Ayton]] and [[James William Wallack]], the opera premiered at Drury Lane, but it was not successful, and closed after only a few performances.{{sfnp|Haring-Smith|1985|p=28}} [[Hermann Goetz]]' ''[[Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung]]'' (1874), with libretto by Joseph Viktor Widmann, is a [[comic opera]], which focuses on the Bianca subplot, and cuts back the taming story. It was first performed at the original [[National Theatre Mannheim]].{{sfnp|Oliver|1982|pp=74–75}} [[John Kendrick Bangs]]' ''Katherine: A Travesty'' (1888) is a [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]-style parody [[operetta]] which premiered in the [[Metropolitan Opera]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Dobson | first1=Michael | last2=Wells | first2=Stanley | author2-link=Stanley Wells | title=The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2008 | orig-year=2005 | edition=Revised | pages=59–60 | isbn=978-0-19-280614-7}}</ref> [[Spyridon Samaras]]' ''La furia domata: commedia musicale in tre atti'' (1895) is a now lost lyric comedy with libretto by Enrico Annibale Butti and Giulio Macchi, which premiered at the [[Teatro Lirico (Milan)|Teatro Lirico]].{{sfnp|Schafer|2002|p=238}} [[Ruperto Chapí]]'s ''[[Las bravías]]'' (1896), with a libretto by [[José López Silva (playwright)|José López Silva]] and [[Carlos Fernández Shaw]], is a one-act ''[[género chico]]'' ''[[zarzuela]]'' clearly based on the story, but with names changed and the location altered to Madrid: it was a major success in Spain, with over 200 performances in 1896 alone, and continues to be performed regularly.<ref>{{cite book | last=Webber | first=Christopher | title=The Zarzuela Companion | location=Maryland | publisher=Screcrow Press | year=2002 | pages=71 | isbn=0-8108-4447-8}}</ref>

[[Johan Wagenaar]]'s ''De getemde feeks'' (1909) is the second of three overtures Wagenaar wrote based on Shakespeare, the others being ''Koning Jan'' (1891) and ''Driekoningenavond'' (1928).<ref>{{cite book | last=van der Klis | first=Jolande | title=The Essential Guide to Dutch Music: 100 Composers and Their Work | location=Amsterdam | publisher=Amsterdam University Press | year=2000 | page=403 | isbn=9789053564608}}</ref> Another overture inspired by the play is [[Alfred Reynolds (composer)|Alfred Reynolds]]' ''The Taming of the Shrew Overture'' (1927).<ref>{{cite book | last1=March | first1=Ivan | last2=Greenfield | first2=Edward | author2-link=Edward Greenfield | last3=Layton | first3=Robert | last4=Czajkowski| first4=Paul | title=The Penguin Guide to Compact Discs and DVDs: Yearbook 2004/2005 | series=Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music | location=London | publisher=Penguin | year=2005 | page=305 | isbn=978-0-14-051523-7}}</ref> [[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari]]'s [[Verismo (music)|verismo]] opera ''[[Sly (opera)|Sly, ovvero la leggenda del dormiente risvegliato]]'' (1927) focuses on the Induction, with libretto by [[Giovacchino Forzano]]. A tragedy, the opera depicts Sly as a hard-drinking and debt-ridden poet who sings in a London pub. When he is tricked into believing that he is a lord, his life improves, but upon learning it is a ruse, he mistakenly concludes the woman he loves (Dolly) only told him she loved him as part of the ruse. In despair, he kills himself by cutting his wrists, with Dolly arriving too late to save him. Starring [[Aureliano Pertile]] and [[Mercedes Llopart]], it was first performed at [[La Scala]] in Milan.{{sfnp|Hodgdon|2010|p=82}} [[Rudolf Karel]]'s ''The Taming of the Shrew'' is an unfinished opera upon which he worked between 1942 and 1944.{{sfnp|Schafer|2002|p=238}} [[Philip Greeley Clapp]]'s ''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1948) was first performed at the Metropolitan Opera.<ref name="Opera">{{cite book | last=Griffel | first=Margaret Ross | title=Operas in English: A Dictionary | location=Plymouth | publisher=Scarecrow Press | year=2013 | edition=Revised | orig-year=1999 | page=481 | isbn=978-0-8108-8272-0|author-link= Margaret Ross Griffel}}</ref> [[Vittorio Giannini]]'s ''[[The Taming of the Shrew (Giannini)|The Taming of the Shrew]]'' (1953) is an opera buffa, with libretto by Giannini and Dorothy Fee. It was first performed at the [[Music Hall (Cincinnati)|Cincinnati Music Hall]], starring [[Dorothy Short]] and Robert Kircher.<ref name="Opera" /> [[Vissarion Shebalin]]'s ''[[The Taming of the Shrew (Shebalin)|Ukroshchenye stroptivoy]]'' (1957), with libretto by Abram Akimovich Gozenpud, was Shebalin's last opera and was immediately hailed as a masterpiece throughout Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/vissarion-shebalin-mn0001642227/biography | title=Vissarion Shebalin: Biography | last=Jameson | first=Michael | website=[[AllMusic]] | access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> [[Dominick Argento]]'s ''[[Christopher Sly (opera)|Christopher Sly]]'' (1962), with libretto by John Manlove, is a comic opera in two scenes and an [[Entr'acte|interlude]], first performed in the [[University of Minnesota]]. Sly is duped by a Lord into believing that he himself is a lord. However, he soon becomes aware of the ruse, and when left alone, he flees with the Lord's valuables and his two mistresses.<ref>{{cite book | last=Griffel | first=Margaret Ross | title=Operas in English: A Dictionary | location=Plymouth | publisher=Scarecrow Press | year=2013 | edition=Revised | orig-year=1999 | pages=91–92 | isbn=978-0-8108-8272-0}}</ref>

=== Musical/ballet ===
[[File:Katherine hits the music master.jpg|thumb|[[Louis Rhead]] ink drawing of Katherine breaking a lute over Hortensio's head, designed for a 1918 edition of ''[[Tales from Shakespeare]]'']]

The earliest known musical adaptation of the play was a [[ballad opera]] based on Charles Johnson's ''[[The Cobler of Preston]]''. Called ''The Cobler of Preston's Opera'', the piece was anonymously written, although [[William Dunkin]] is thought by some scholars as a likely candidate. Rehearsals for the premiere began in [[Smock Alley Theatre|Smock Alley]] in October 1731, but sometime in November or December, the show was cancelled. It was instead performed by a group of children (including an eleven-year-old [[Peg Woffington]]) in January 1732 at [[Signora Violante]]'s New Booth in [[Dame Street]]. It was subsequently published in March.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Greene | first1=John C. | last2=Clark | first2=Gladys L.H. | title=The Dublin Stage, 1720–1745: A Calendar of Plays, Entertainments, and Afterpieces | location=Cranbury, NJ | publisher=Associated University Presses | year=1993 | page=140 | isbn=978-0-585-24870-7}}</ref>

[[James Worsdale]]'s ''A Cure for a Scold'' is also a ballad opera. First performed at Drury Lane in 1735, starring [[Kitty Clive]] and [[Charles Macklin]], ''A Cure for a Scold'' was an adaptation of Lacy's ''Sauny the Scot'' rather than Shakespeare's original ''Taming of the Shrew''.{{sfnp|Quiller-Couch|Wilson|1953|p=182}} Petruchio was renamed Manly, and Katherina was renamed Margaret (nicknamed Peg). At the end, there is no wager. Instead, Peg pretends she is dying, and as Petruchio runs for a doctor, she reveals she is fine, and declares "you have taught me what 'tis to be a Wife, and I shall make it my Study to be obliging and obedient," to which Manly replies "My best Peg, we will exchange Kindness, and be each others Servants." After the play has finished, the actress playing Peg steps forward and speaks directly to the audience as herself; "Well, I must own, it wounds me to the Heart/To play, unwomanly, so mean a Part./What – to submit, so tamely – so contented,/Thank Heav'n! I'm not the Thing I represented."{{sfnp|Thompson|2003|p=19}}

Cole Porter's musical ''[[Kiss Me, Kate]]'' is an adaptation of ''Taming of the Shrew''. The music and lyrics are by Porter and the [[Musical theatre#Book musicals|book]] is by [[Samuel and Bella Spewack]]. It is at least partially based on the 1935/1936 Theatre Guild production of ''Taming of the Shrew'', which starred husband and wife [[Alfred Lunt]] and [[Lynn Fontanne]], whose backstage fights became legendary. The musical tells the story of a husband and wife acting duo (Fred and Lilli) attempting to stage ''The Taming of the Shrew'', but whose backstage fights keep getting in the way.{{sfnp|Schafer|2002|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Thompson|2003|p=44}} The musical opened on Broadway at the [[New Century Theatre]] in 1948, running for a total of 1,077 performances. Directed by [[John C. Wilson]] with choreography by [[Hanya Holm]], it starred [[Patricia Morison]] and [[Alfred Drake]].{{sfnp|Green|1984|p=236}} The production moved to the [[West End theatre|West End]] in 1951, directed by [[Samuel Spewack]] with choreography again by Holm, and starring [[Patricia Morison]] and [[Bill Johnson (musical theatre actor)|Bill Johnson]]. It ran for 501 performances.{{sfnp|Green|1984|p=236}} As well as being a box office hit, the musical was also a critical success, winning five [[Tony Award]]s; [[Tony Award for Best Author|Best Authors (Musical)]], [[Tony Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]], [[Tony Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]], [[Tony Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]] and Best Producers (Musical).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search | title=Search Past Winners | publisher=[[Tony Award]]s | access-date=13 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831204617/http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search | archive-date=31 August 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The play has since been revived numerous times in various countries. Its 1999 revival at the [[Al Hirschfeld Theatre|Martin Beck Theatre]], directed by [[Michael Blakemore]] and starring [[Marin Mazzie]] and [[Brian Stokes Mitchell]], was especially successful, winning another five Tonys; [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor (Musical)]], Best Costume Design, [[Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical|Best Director (Musical)]], [[Tony Award for Best Orchestrations|Best Orchestrations]], and [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical|Best Revival (Musical)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/contact-and-copenhagen-win-top-1999-2000-tony-awards-89747 | title=''Contact'' and ''Copenhagen'' win top 1999–2000 Tony Awards | last=Lefkowitz | first=David | date=5 June 2000 | work=[[Playbill]] | access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

The first ballet version of the play was [[Maurice Béjart]]'s ''La mégère apprivoisée''. Using the music of [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], it was originally performed by the [[Paris Opera Ballet|Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris]] in 1954.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Craine | first1=Debra | last2=Mackrell | first2=Judith | title=The Oxford Dictionary of Dance | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2010 | orig-year=2000 | edition=Second | page=[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000crai_a8h2/page/441 441] | isbn=978-0-19-956344-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000crai_a8h2/page/441 }}</ref> The best known ballet adaptation is [[John Cranko]]'s ''[[The Taming of the Shrew (ballet)|The Taming of the Shrew]]'', first performed by the [[Stuttgart Ballet]] at the [[Staatsoper Stuttgart]] in 1969.{{sfnp|Schafer|2002|p=238}} Another ballet adaptation is [[Louis Falco]]'s ''Kate's Rag'', first performed by the Louis Falco Dance Company at the [[Academy of Arts, Berlin|Akademie der Künste]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.louisfalco.com/repertory/ | title=Louis Falco Repertory | publisher=The Louis Falco Repertory | access-date=13 January 2015 | archive-date=19 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119233906/http://www.louisfalco.com/repertory | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1988, [[Aleksandre Machavariani]] composed a ballet suite, but it was not performed until 2009, when his son, conductor [[Vakhtang Machavariani]], gave a concert at the Georgian National Music Center featuring music by [[Modest Mussorgsky]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]] and some of his father's pieces.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.matchavariani.ge/main/press3.html | title=Hats off Gentlemen | last=Leigh | first=Rumworld | date=3 October 2009 | publisher=Vakhtang Matchavariani Official Web Site | access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Film ===
{{Main|The Taming of the Shrew on screen#Film}}

=== Television ===
{{Main|The Taming of the Shrew on screen#Television}}

=== Radio ===
In 1924, extracts from the play were broadcast on [[BBC Radio]], performed by the Cardiff Station Repertory Company as the eight episode of a series of programs showcasing Shakespeare's plays, entitled ''Shakespeare Night''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av67323 | title=Shakespeare Night [18/11/1924] | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Extracts were also broadcast in 1925 as part of ''Shakespeare: Scene and Story'', with Edna Godfrey-Turner and William Macready,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av67784 | title=Shakespeare, Scene and Story [17/04/1925] | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> and in 1926 as part of ''Shakespeare's Heroines'', with [[Madge Titheradge]] and [[Edmund Willard]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av38286 | title=Katherine (1926) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> In 1927, a forty-three-minute truncation of the play was broadcast on [[BBC National Programme]], with [[Barbara Couper]] and [[Ian Fleming (actor)|Ian Fleming]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av68063 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1927) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> In 1932, National Programme aired another truncated version, this one running eighty-five minutes, and again starring Couper, with Francis James as Petruchio.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av70049 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1932) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> In 1935, Peter Creswell directed a broadcast of the relatively complete text (only the Bianca subplot was trimmed) on National Programme, starring Mary Hinton and [[Godfrey Tearle]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av69673 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1935) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> This was the first non-theatrical version of the play to feature Sly, who was played by Stuart Robertson.{{sfnp|Schafer|2002|p=68}} In 1941, Creswell directed another adaptation for [[BBC Home Service]], again starring Tearle, with [[Fay Compton]] as Katherina.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av70673 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1941) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> In 1947, [[BBC Light Programme]] aired extracts for their ''Theatre Programme'' from [[John Burrell (theatre director)|John Burrell]]'s [[Edinburgh Festival]] production, with Patricia Burke and [[Trevor Howard]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av66363 | title=Theatre Programme [02/09/1947] | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> In 1954, the full-length play aired on BBC Home Service, directed by Peter Watts, starring [[Mary Wimbush]] and [[Joseph O'Conor]], with [[Norman Shelley]] as Sly.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av69421 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1954) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> [[BBC Radio 4]] aired another full-length broadcast (without the Induction) in 1973 as part of their ''Monday Night Theatre'' series, directed by Ian Cotterell, starring [[Fenella Fielding]] and [[Paul Daneman]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av71529 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1973) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> In 1989, [[BBC Radio 3]] aired the full play, directed by [[Jeremy Mortimer]], starring [[Cheryl Campbell]] and [[Bob Peck]], with [[William Simons]] as Sly.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av67439 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1989) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> In 2000, BBC Radio 3 aired another full-length production (without the Induction) as part of their ''Shakespeare for the New Millennium'' series, directed by Melanie Harris, and starring Ruth Mitchell and [[Gerard McSorley]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av66536 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (2000) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref>

In the United States, the first major radio production was in July 1937 on [[Blue Network|NBC Blue Network]], when [[John Barrymore]] adapted the play into a forty-five-minute piece, starring [[Elaine Barrie]] and Barrymore himself.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av66937 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1937) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> In August of the same year, [[CBS Radio]] aired a sixty-minute adaptation directed by [[Brewster Mason]], starring [[Frieda Inescort]] and [[Edward G. Robinson]]. The adaptation was written by [[Gilbert Seldes]], who employed a narrator (Godfrey Tearle) to fill in gaps in the story, tell the audience about the clothes worn by the characters and offer opinions as to the direction of the plot. For example, Act 4, Scene 5 ends with the narrator musing "We know that Katherina obeys her husband, but has her spirit been really tamed I wonder?"{{sfnp|Schafer|2002|p=68}} In 1940, a thirty-minute musical version of the play written by Joseph Gottlieb and Irvin Graham aired on CBS as part of their ''[[Columbia Workshop]]'' series, starring Nan Sunderland and [[Carleton Young]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av67618 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1940) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> In 1941, NBC Blue Network aired a sixty-minute adaptation as part of their ''Great Plays'' series, written by [[Ranald MacDougall]], directed by Charles Warburton, and starring Grace Coppin and [[Herbert Rudley]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av67126 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1941) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> In 1949, [[Cumulus Media Networks#ABC Radio|ABC Radio]] aired an adaptation directed by Homer Fickett, starring [[Joyce Redman]] and [[Burgess Meredith]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av67620 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1949) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> In 1953, NBC broadcast William Dawkins' production live from the [[Oregon Shakespeare Festival]]. The cast list for this production has been lost, but it is known to have featured [[George Peppard]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Lanier | first=Douglas | chapter=Shakespeare on Radio | editor-last=Burt | editor-first=Richard | title=Shakespeares After Shakespeare: An Encyclopedia of the Bard in Mass Media and Popular Culture | volume=Two | location=Westport, CT | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=2006 | page=521 | isbn=978-0-313-33116-9}}</ref> In 1960, NBC aired a sixty-minute version adapted by Carl Ritchie from Robert Loper's stage production for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, starring Ann Hackney and Gerard Larson.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av67627 | title=''The Taming of the Shrew'' (1960) | publisher=[[British Universities Film & Video Council]] | access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref>