Editing The Fountainhead (section)

==Adaptations==

===Film===
{{Main|The Fountainhead (film)}}
In 1949, Warner Bros. released a film based on the book, starring [[Gary Cooper]] as Howard Roark, [[Patricia Neal]] as Dominique Francon, [[Raymond Massey]] as Gail Wynand, and [[Kent Smith]] as Peter Keating. Rand, who had previous experience as a screenwriter, was hired to adapt her own novel. The film was directed by [[King Vidor]]. It grossed $2.1&nbsp;million, $400,000 less than its production budget.{{sfn|Hoberman|2011|pp=96–98}} Critics panned the movie. Negative reviews appeared in publications ranging from newspapers such as ''The New York Times'' and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', to movie industry outlets such as ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' and ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', to magazines such as ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[Good Housekeeping]]''.{{sfn|Hoberman|2011|pp=96–98}}{{sfn|Gladstein|1999|p=118}}

In letters written at the time, Rand's reaction to the film was positive. She said it was the most faithful adaptation of a novel ever made in Hollywood.{{sfn|Rand|1995|p=445}} and a "real triumph".{{sfn|Rand|1995|p=419}} Sales of the novel increased as a result of interest spurred by the film.{{sfn|Gladstein|2009|p=95}} She displayed a more negative attitude later, saying she disliked the entire movie and complaining about its editing, acting, and other elements.{{sfn|Britting|2004|p=71}} Rand said she would never sell rights to another novel to a film company that did not allow her to pick the director and screenwriter, as well as edit the film.{{sfn|McConnell|2010|p=262}}

Various filmmakers have expressed interest in doing new adaptations of ''The Fountainhead'', although none of these potential films has begun production. In the 1970s, writer-director [[Michael Cimino]] entered a deal to film his own script for [[United Artists]] starring [[Clint Eastwood]] as Roark, but postponed the project in favor of abortive [[biographical film]]s on [[Janis Joplin]] and [[Frank Costello]].{{sfn|Carducci|1989|p=40}}{{sfn|Mueller|2015}} The deal collapsed after the failure of Cimino's 1980 film ''[[Heaven's Gate (film)|Heaven's Gate]]'', which caused United Artists to refuse to finance any more of his films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unproduced and Unfinished Films: An Ongoing ''Film Comment'' Project |url=https://www.filmcomment.com/article/unproduced-and-unfinished-films-a-ongoing-film-comment-project/ |access-date=March 15, 2021 |website=Film Comment |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162448/https://www.filmcomment.com/article/unproduced-and-unfinished-films-a-ongoing-film-comment-project/ |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cimino continued to hope to film the script until his death in 2016.{{sfn|Thompson|2016}}

In 1992, producer James Hill optioned the rights and selected [[Phil Joanou]] to direct.{{sfn|Oliver|1992}} In the 2000s, [[Oliver Stone]] was interested in directing a new adaptation; [[Brad Pitt]] was reportedly under consideration to play Roark.{{sfn|Weiss|2012|p=251}} In a March 2016 interview, director [[Zack Snyder]] expressed interest in doing a new film adaptation of ''The Fountainhead'',{{sfn|Siegel|2016}} an interest he repeated in 2018.{{sfn|Hipes|2018}} Snyder said in 2019 that he was no longer pursuing the adaptation.{{sfn|Dockterman|2020}} In 2024, he said that he unsuccessfully pitched a television series adaptation to [[Netflix]].{{sfn|Davis|2024}}

===Play===
{{Main|The Fountainhead (play)}}
[[File:Ivovanhove675.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Portrait photo of Ivo van Hove|[[Ivo van Hove]] staged a theatrical adaptation of the novel]]
The Dutch theater company [[Toneelgroep Amsterdam]] presented a Dutch-language adaptation for the stage at the [[Holland Festival]] in June 2014. The company's artistic director [[Ivo van Hove]] wrote and directed the adaptation. [[Ramsey Nasr]] played Howard Roark, with [[Halina Reijn]] playing Dominique Francon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollandfestival.nl/en/program/2014/the-fountainhead/ |title=''The Fountainhead'': World Premier |publisher=Holland Festival |access-date=August 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820075332/http://www.hollandfestival.nl/en/program/2014/the-fountainhead/ |archive-date=August 20, 2014}}</ref> The four-hour production used video projections to show close-ups of the actors and Roark's drawings, as well as backgrounds of the New York skyline.{{sfn|Candoni|2014}}{{sfn|Méreuze|2014}} After its debut the production went on tour, appearing in [[Barcelona]], Spain, in early July 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tga.nl/en/news/the-fountainhead-in-barcelona-03072014 |title=''The Fountainhead'' in Barcelona |publisher=[[Toneelgroep Amsterdam]] |access-date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> and at the [[Festival d'Avignon]] in France later that month.{{sfn|Candoni|2014}} The play appeared at the [[Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe]] in Paris in November 2016,{{sfn|Santi|2016}} and at the [[LG Arts Center]] in [[Seoul]] from March 31 to April 2, 2017.{{sfn|Yim|2017}}{{sfn|Yoon|2017}} The play had its first American production at the [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]]'s Next Wave Festival, where it ran from November 28 to December 2, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bam.org/theater/2017/thefountainhead |title=BAM {{!}} ''The Fountainhead'' |publisher=Brooklyn Academy of Music |access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref>

The European productions of the play received mostly positive reviews. The Festival d'Avignon production received positive from the French newspapers ''[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]'',{{sfn|Méreuze|2014}} ''[[Les Échos (France)|Les Échos]]'',{{sfn|Chevilley|2014}} and ''[[Le Monde]]'',{{sfn|Darge|2014}} as well as from the British newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'', whose reviewer described it as "electrifying theatre".{{sfn|Todd|2014}} The French magazine ''[[Télérama]]'' gave the Avignon production a negative review, calling the source material a minor work and complaining about the use of video screens on the set,{{sfn|Pascaud|2014}} while another French magazine, {{ill|La Terrasse (newspaper)|lt=La Terrasse|fr|La Terrasse (journal)|italic=yes}}, complimented the staging and acting of the Odéon production.{{sfn|Santi|2016}}

American critics gave mostly negative reviews of the Next Wave Festival production. Helen Shaw's review for ''[[The Village Voice]]'' said the adaptation was unwatchable because it portrayed Rand's characters and views seriously without undercutting them{{sfn|Shaw|2017}} The reviewer for the ''[[Financial Times]]'' said the play was too long and that Hove had approached Rand's "noxious" book with too much reverence.{{sfn|McGuinness|2017}} In a mixed review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', critic [[Ben Brantley]] complimented Hove for capturing Rand's "sheer pulp appeal", but described the material as "hokum with a whole lot of ponderous speeches".{{sfn|Brantley|2017}} A review for ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' complimented van Hove's ability to portray Rand's message, but said the play was an hour too long.{{sfn|Freeling|2017}}

===Television===

The novel was adapted in [[Urdu]] for the [[Pakistan Television Network]] in 1980 under the title ''[[Teesra Kinara (TV series)|Teesra Kinara]]''. The serial starred [[Rahat Kazmi]], who also wrote the adaptation.{{sfn|Chughtai|2015}} Kazmi's wife, [[Sahira Kazmi]], played Dominique.{{sfn|Adil|2007}} In the US, the novel was parodied in an episode of the animated adventure series ''[[Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures]]'',{{sfn|Phipps|2010}} as well as in [[The Simpsons (season 20)|season 20]] of the animated sitcom ''[[The Simpsons]]'' in the last part of the episode "[[Four Great Women and a Manicure#Maggie Roark|Four Great Women and a Manicure]]".{{sfn|Leo|2009}}

===Other adaptations===
In 1944, ''[[Omnibook Magazine]]'' produced an [[abridged]] edition of the novel that was sold to members of the [[United States Armed Forces]]. Rand was annoyed that Bobbs-Merrill allowed the edited version to be published without her approval of the text.{{sfn|Heller|2009|p=187}} [[King Features Syndicate]] approached Rand the following year about creating a condensed, illustrated version of the novel for [[Print syndication|syndication]] in newspapers. Rand agreed, provided that she could oversee the editing and approve the proposed illustrations of her characters, which were provided by [[Frank Godwin]]. The 30-part series began on December 24, 1945, and ran in over 35 newspapers.{{sfn|Sciabarra|2004|p=6}} Rand biographer Anne Heller complimented the adaptation, calling it "handsomely illustrated".{{sfn|Heller|2009|p=187}} To provide publicity for a translation of the novel into French, the Swiss publisher Jeheber allowed the [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation]] to air a [[radio play]] adaptation in the late 1940s. Rand did not authorize the adaptation and learned about it through a letter from a Swiss fan in 1949.{{sfn|Brühwiler|2021|p=135}}