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Subspecies of Canis lupus
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== References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=abe1923>{{cite journal |author=Abe, Y. |year=1923 |title=Nukutei ni tisuit |volume=35 |journal=Dobutsugaku Zasshi Zoological Magazine |pages=320−386}}</ref> <ref name=agga2007>{{Cite journal | last1 = Aggarwal | first1 = R. K. | last2 = Kivisild | first2 = T. | last3 = Ramadevi | first3 = J. | last4 = Singh | first4 = L. | title = Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x | journal = Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research | volume = 45 | issue = #2 | pages = 163–172 | year = 2007 | doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name=chambers2012>{{cite journal |title=An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses |vauthors=Chambers SM, Fain SR, Fazio B, Amaral M |year=2012 |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67|doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Clutton-Brock1995>{{cite book|last1=Clutton-Brock|first1=Juliet|title=The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People|editor1-last=Serpell|editor1-first=James|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|chapter=2-Origins of the dog|pages=[https://archive.org/details/domesticdogitsev00serp/page/7 7–20]|isbn=0521415292|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=I8HU_3ycrrEC|page=8}}|url=https://archive.org/details/domesticdogitsev00serp/page/7}}</ref> <ref name=fan2016>{{cite journal|doi=10.1101/gr.197517.115|pmid=26680994|pmc=4728369|title=Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves|journal=Genome Research|volume=26|issue=#2|pages=163–73|year=2016|last1=Fan|first1=Zhenxin|last2=Silva|first2=Pedro|last3=Gronau|first3=Ilan|last4=Wang|first4=Shuoguo|last5=Armero|first5=Aitor Serres|last6=Schweizer|first6=Rena M.|last7=Ramirez|first7=Oscar|last8=Pollinger|first8=John|last9=Galaverni|first9=Marco|last10=Ortega Del-Vecchyo|first10=Diego|last11=Du|first11=Lianming|last12=Zhang|first12=Wenping|last13=Zhang|first13=Zhihe|last14=Xing|first14=Jinchuan|last15=Vilà|first15=Carles|last16=Marques-Bonet|first16=Tomas|last17=Godinho|first17=Raquel|last18=Yue|first18=Bisong|last19=Wayne|first19=Robert K.}}</ref> <ref name=freedman2014>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016|pmid=24453982|pmc=3894170|title=Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=#1|pages=e1004016|year=2014|last1=Freedman|first1=Adam H.|last2=Gronau|first2=Ilan|last3=Schweizer|first3=Rena M.|last4=Ortega-Del Vecchyo|first4=Diego|last5=Han|first5=Eunjung|last6=Silva|first6=Pedro M.|last7=Galaverni|first7=Marco|last8=Fan|first8=Zhenxin|last9=Marx|first9=Peter|last10=Lorente-Galdos|first10=Belen|last11=Beale|first11=Holly|last12=Ramirez|first12=Oscar|last13=Hormozdiari|first13=Farhad|last14=Alkan|first14=Can|last15=Vilà|first15=Carles|last16=Squire|first16=Kevin|last17=Geffen|first17=Eli|last18=Kusak|first18=Josip|last19=Boyko|first19=Adam R.|last20=Parker|first20=Heidi G.|last21=Lee|first21=Clarence|last22=Tadigotla|first22=Vasisht|last23=Siepel|first23=Adam|last24=Bustamante|first24=Carlos D.|last25=Harkins|first25=Timothy T.|last26=Nelson|first26=Stanley F.|last27=Ostrander|first27=Elaine A.|last28=Marques-Bonet|first28=Tomas|last29=Wayne|first29=Robert K.|last30=Novembre|first30=John|display-authors=29 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=gray1863>{{cite journal |author=Gray, J. 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H. |year=1847 |title=Description of the wild ass (''Asinus polydon'') and wolf of Tibet (''Lupus laniger'') |journal=Calcutta Journal of Natural History |volume=7 |pages=469–477 |url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttajournalo07/page/n479}}</ref> <ref name=larson2017>{{cite journal|doi=10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.021|pmid=28585433|title=Reconsidering the distribution of gray wolves|journal=Zoological Research|volume=38|issue=3|pages=115–116|year=2017|last1=Larson|first1=Greger|pmc=5460078}}</ref> <ref name=matschie1907>{{cite book |author=Matschie, P. |year=1908|chapter=Über Chinesische Säugetiere |title=Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Expedition Filchner nach China und Tibet, 1903-1905 |editor=Filchner, W.|pages=134−242 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0RswAAAAYAAJ/page/n181 |location= Berlin |publisher=Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn}}</ref> <ref name=mech2003>{{Cite book|last1=Nowak|first1=R.|editor-last=Mech|editor-first=L. David|editor2-last=Boitani|editor2-first=Luigi|title=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-226-51696-7|chapter=Wolf Evolution and Taxonomy|pages=239−258 |chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=_mXHuSSbiGgC|page=239}}}}</ref> <ref name=mivart1890>{{cite book |author=Mivart, S. G. |author-link=St. George Jackson Mivart |year=1890 |title=Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes : A Monograph of the Canidæ |location=London |publisher=E. H. Porter and Dulau & Co. |chapter=The Common Wolf |pages=3–17 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/dogsjackalswolv00keulgoog/dogsjackalswolv00keulgoog#page/n71/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name=nowak1995>{{cite book |author=Nowak, R. M. |year=1995 |chapter-url=https://redwolves.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/13-Nowak-1995.pdf |chapter=Another look at wolf taxonomy |pages=375–397 |editor=Carbyn, L. N. |editor2=Fritts, S. H. |editor3=D. R. Seip |title=Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world: proceedings of the second North American symposium on wolves |publisher=Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta |location=Edmonton, Canada}}</ref> <ref name=pilot2010>{{Cite journal|author=Pilot, M. |year=2010|title=Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=104|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-104|pmid=20409299|pmc=2873414|display-authors=etal |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..104P }}</ref> <ref name=sharma2004>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sharma | first1 = D. K. | last2 = Maldonado | first2 = J. E. | author3-link = Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala | last3 = Jhala | first3 = Y. V. | last4 = Fleischer | first4 = R. 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Chris Wozencraft|year=2008|pages=416–418|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&pg=PA416|isbn=978-0691099842}}</ref> <ref name=thalmann2013>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1243650|pmid=24233726|title=Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs|journal=Science|volume=342|issue=#6160|pages=871–4|year=2013|last1=Thalmann|first1=O. |last2=Shapiro|first2=B.|last3=Cui|first3=P.|last4=Schuenemann|first4=V. J.|last5=Sawyer|first5=S. K.|last6=Greenfield|first6=D. L.|last7=Germonpre|first7=M. B.|last8=Sablin|first8=M. V.|last9=Lopez-Giraldez|first9=F.|last10=Domingo-Roura|first10=X. |last11=Napierala|first11=H.|last12=Uerpmann|first12=H.-P.|last13=Loponte|first13=D. M.|last14=Acosta|first14=A. A.|last15=Giemsch|first15=L.|last16=Schmitz|first16=R. W.|last17=Worthington|first17=B.|last18=Buikstra|first18=J. E.|last19=Druzhkova|first19=A.|last20=Graphodatsky|first20=A. S.|last21=Ovodov|first21=N. 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E.|display-authors=29|hdl=10261/88173|bibcode=2013Sci...342..871T|s2cid=1526260}}</ref> <ref name=schweitzer2016a>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/mec.13364|pmid=26333947|title=Genetic subdivision and candidate genes under selection in North American grey wolves|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=25|issue=#1|pages=380–402|year=2016|last1=Schweizer|first1=Rena M.|last2=Vonholdt|first2=Bridgett M.|last3=Harrigan|first3=Ryan|last4=Knowles|first4=James C.|last5=Musiani|first5=Marco|last6=Coltman|first6=David|last7=Novembre|first7=John|last8=Wayne|first8=Robert K.|bibcode=2016MolEc..25..380S |s2cid=7808556}}</ref> <ref name=schweitzer2016b>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/mec.13467|pmid=26562361|title=Targeted capture and resequencing of 1040 genes reveal environmentally driven functional variation in grey wolves|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=25|issue=#1|pages=357–79|year=2016|last1=Schweizer|first1=Rena M.|last2=Robinson|first2=Jacqueline|last3=Harrigan|first3=Ryan|last4=Silva|first4=Pedro|last5=Galverni|first5=Marco|last6=Musiani|first6=Marco|last7=Green|first7=Richard E.|last8=Novembre|first8=John|last9=Wayne|first9=Robert K.|bibcode=2016MolEc..25..357S |s2cid=17798894}}</ref> <ref name=wang2003>{{cite book|last1=Wang|first1=Yingxiang|title=A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China (A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference)|publisher=China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China|year=2003|isbn=978-7503831317}}</ref> <ref name=wang2017>{{cite journal|pmid=28105796|year=2016|last1=Wang|first1=L|title=The geographical distribution of grey wolves (''Canis lupus'') in China: A systematic review|journal=Zoological Research |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=315–326 |last2=Ma|first2=Y. 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