Editing Stonewall Jackson (section)

==Personal life==
Jackson's sometimes unusual command style and personality traits, combined with his frequent success in battle, contribute to his legacy as one of the greatest generals of the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonewall Jackson: Popular Questions |url=http://www.vmi.edu/archives.aspx?id=3761&ekmensel=fb5d653b_207_281_3761_1 |access-date=May 6, 2009 |publisher=Virginia Military Institute}}</ref> He was martial and stern in attitude and profoundly religious, a deacon in the [[Presbyterian Church in the United States|Presbyterian Church]]. One of his many nicknames was "Old Blue Lights",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonewall Jackson's Way |url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/media_player?mets_filename=evm00001984mets.xml |access-date=December 24, 2011}}</ref> a term applied to a military man whose evangelical zeal burned with the intensity of the [[blue light (pyrotechnic signal)|blue light]] used for night-time display.<ref>Gareth Atkins, review of ''Evangelicals in the Royal Navy, 1775–1815: Blue Lights and Psalm-Singers'' by Richard Blake (review no. 799). Retrieved December 24, 2011, at www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/799</ref>

===Physical ailments===
Jackson held a lifelong belief that one of his arms was longer than the other, and thus usually held the "longer" arm up to equalize his circulation. He was described as a "champion sleeper", and occasionally even fell asleep with food in his mouth. Jackson suffered a number of ailments, for which he sought relief via contemporary practices of his day including [[hydrotherapy]], popular in America at that time, visiting establishments at [[Oswego, New York]] (1850) and [[Round Hill, Massachusetts]] (1860) although with little evidence of success.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cartmell |first=Donald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mV9LswEACAAJ |title=The Civil War Book of Lists |publisher=The Career Press Inc |year=2001 |isbn=1-56414-504-2 |location=Franklin Lakes, New Jersey |pages=187–92 |chapter=The Legend of Stonewall}}</ref><ref name="SamaritanMedCenter">{{Cite book |last=Samaritan Medical Center |url=http://www.samaritanhealth.com/library/images/stories/NewsletterPDFs/smcnewsletter42.pdf |title=in Samaritan Medical Center Newsletter |date=September 2008 |volume=42 |chapter=Stonewall Jackson and the Henderson Hydropath |access-date=December 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807151430/http://www.samaritanhealth.com/library/images/stories/NewsletterPDFs/smcnewsletter42.pdf |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jackson also suffered a significant hearing loss in both of his ears as a result of his prior service in the U.S. Army as an artillery officer.

A recurring story concerns Jackson's love of lemons, which he allegedly gnawed whole to alleviate symptoms of [[dyspepsia]] (indigestion). General [[Richard Taylor (Confederate general)|Richard Taylor]], son of President [[Zachary Taylor]], wrote a passage in his war memoirs about Jackson eating lemons: "Where Jackson got his lemons 'no fellow could find out,' but he was rarely without one."<ref>Taylor, p. 50</ref> However, recent research by his biographer, [[James I. Robertson, Jr.]], has found that none of Jackson's contemporaries, including members of his staff, his friends, or his wife, recorded any unusual obsessions with lemons. Jackson thought of a lemon as a "rare treat ... enjoyed greatly whenever it could be obtained from the enemy's camp". Jackson was fond of all fruits, particularly peaches, "but he enjoyed with relish lemons, oranges, watermelons, apples, grapes, berries, or whatever was available".<ref>Robertson, p. xi.</ref>

===Religion===
Jackson's religion has often been discussed. His biographer, [[Robert Lewis Dabney]], suggested that "It was the fear of God which made him so fearless of all else."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dabney |first=Robert L. |author-link=Robert Lewis Dabney |title=True Courage: A Memorial Sermon for General Thomas J. "Stone-wall Jackson |url=http://www.newhopefairfax.org/files/Dabney%20True%20Courage.pdf |access-date=February 26, 2013}}</ref> Jackson himself had said, "My religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Selby |first=John Millin |title=Stonewall Jackson As Military Commander |year=2000 |page=25}}</ref>

[[File:Prayer in Stonewall Jackson's camp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''Prayer in "Stonewall" Jackson's camp'', 1866]]

[[Stephen W. Sears]] states that "Jackson was fanatical in his Presbyterian faith, and it energized his military thought and character. Theology was the only subject he genuinely enjoyed discussing. His dispatches invariably credited an ever-kind [[Divine providence|Providence]]." According to Sears, "this fanatical religiosity had drawbacks. It warped Jackson's judgment of men, leading to poor appointments; it was said he preferred good Presbyterians to good soldiers."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sears |first=Stephen W. |author-link=Stephen W. Sears |date=March 16, 1997 |title=Onward, Christian Soldier |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/16/reviews/970316.16searst.html |access-date=February 26, 2013}}</ref> [[James I. Robertson, Jr.]] suggests that Jackson was "a Christian soldier in every sense of the word". According to Robertson, Jackson "thought of the war as a religious crusade", and "viewed himself as an Old Testament warrior—like [[David]] or [[Joshua]]—who went into battle to slay the [[Philistines]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Davin |date=October 15, 2010 |title=Stonewall Jackson biographer says religion drove Civil War general |work=[[The Charleston Gazette]] |url=http://wvgazette.com/News/201010150835?page=2&build=cache |url-status=dead |access-date=February 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412060754/http://wvgazette.com/News/201010150835?page=2&build=cache |archive-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref>

Jackson encouraged the [[Confederate States Army revival]] that occurred in 1863,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duewel |first=Wesley L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9mP3fh9pT4C&pg=PT128 |title=Revival Fire |publisher=[[Zondervan]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0310877097 |page=128}}</ref> although it was probably more of a grass-roots movement than a top-down revival.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Summers |first=Mark |title=The Great Harvest: Revival in the Confederate Army during the Civil War |url=http://www.acton.org/pub/religion-liberty/volume-21-number-3/great-harvest-revival-confederate-army-during-civi |journal=[[Religion & Liberty]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |access-date=February 26, 2013}}</ref> Jackson [[Puritan Sabbatarianism|strictly observed]] the Sunday Sabbath. [[James I. Robertson, Jr.]] notes that "no place existed in his Sunday schedule for labor, newspapers, or secular conversation".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=James I |author-link=James I. Robertson, Jr. |title=Stonewall Jackson: Christian Soldier |url=http://www.essential.civilwar.vt.edu/assets/files/ECWC%20TOPIC%20Jackson%20Stonewall%20Essay.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928212236/http://www.essential.civilwar.vt.edu/assets/files/ECWC%20TOPIC%20Jackson%20Stonewall%20Essay.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2013 |publisher=Virginia Center for Civil War Studies}}</ref>

===Command style===
[[File:Stonewall Jackson - National Portrait Gallery.JPG|thumb|A portrait of Stonewall Jackson (1864, J. W. King) in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]]]]

In command, Jackson was extremely secretive about his plans and extremely meticulous about military discipline. This secretive nature did not stand him in good stead with his subordinates, who were often not aware of his overall operational intentions until the last minute, and who complained of being left out of key decisions.<ref>Robertson, p. xiv.</ref>

Robert E. Lee could trust Jackson with deliberately undetailed orders that conveyed Lee's overall objectives, what modern doctrine calls the "end state". This was because Jackson had a talent for understanding Lee's sometimes unstated goals, and Lee trusted Jackson with the ability to take whatever actions were necessary to implement his end state requirements. Few of Lee's subsequent corps commanders had this ability. At Gettysburg, this resulted in lost opportunities. With a defeated and disorganized Union Army trying to regroup on high ground near town and vulnerable, Lee sent one of his new corps commanders, [[Richard S. Ewell]], discretionary orders that the heights ([[Cemetery Hill]] and [[Culp's Hill]]) be taken "if practicable". Without Jackson's intuitive grasp of Lee's orders or the instinct to take advantage of sudden tactical opportunities, Ewell chose not to attempt the assault, and this failure is considered by historians to be the greatest missed opportunity of the battle.<ref>Pfanz, p. 344; Eicher, ''Longest Night'', p. 517; Sears, p. 228; Trudeau, p. 253. Both Sears and Trudeau record "if possible".</ref>

===Horsemanship===
Jackson had a poor reputation as a horseman. One of his soldiers, Georgia volunteer William Andrews, wrote that Jackson was "a very ordinary looking man of medium size, his uniform badly soiled as though it had seen hard service. He wore a cap pulled down nearly to his nose and was riding a rawboned horse that did not look much like a charger, unless it would be on hay or clover. He certainly made a poor figure on a horseback, with his stirrup leather six inches too short, putting his knees nearly level with his horse's back, and his heels turned out with his toes sticking behind his horse's foreshoulder. A sorry description of our most famous general, but a correct one."<ref>Robertson, p. 499.</ref> His horse was named "Little Sorrel" (also known as "Old Sorrel"), a small [[Sorrel (horse)|chestnut]] gelding which was a captured Union horse from a Connecticut farm.<ref>Robertson, p. 230.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Little Sorrel, Connecticut's Confederate War Horse |url=http://connecticuthistory.org/little-sorrel-connecticuts-confederate-war-horse/ |access-date=September 12, 2013 |publisher=ConnecticutHistory.org}}</ref> He rode Little Sorrel throughout the war, and was riding him when he was shot at Chancellorsville. Little Sorrel died at age 36 and is buried near a statue of Jackson on the parade grounds of VMI. (His mounted hide is on display in the VMI Museum.)<ref>[http://vaudc.org/sorrell.html "Little Sorrel Buried at VMI July 20, 1997"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020222209/http://vaudc.org/sorrell.html |date=October 20, 2016}}; Robertson, p. 922, n. 16.</ref>

===Mourning his death===
[[File:Lee at Jackson grave.jpg|thumb|''General Lee's Last Visit to Stonewall Jackson's Grave'', painting by [[Louis Eckhardt]], 1872]]

After the war, Jackson's wife and young daughter Julia moved from Lexington to North Carolina. [[Mary Anna Jackson]] wrote<ref>[[#memoir|Jackson, Mary Anna, Jackson Memoirs, 1895]]</ref> two books about her husband's life, including some of his letters. She never remarried, and was known as the "Widow of the Confederacy", living until 1915. His daughter Julia married, and bore children, but she died of typhoid fever at the age of 26 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stonewall Jackson FAQ – Virginia Military Institute Archives |url=https://www.vmi.edu/archives/stonewall-jackson-resources/stonewall-jackson-faq/ |access-date=January 5, 2020 |website=www.vmi.edu}}</ref>

===Legacy===
Many theorists through the years have postulated that if Jackson had lived, Lee might have prevailed at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]].<ref>See, for instance, Sears, ''Gettysburg'', pp. 233–34. Alternative theories about Gettysburg are prominent ideas in the literature about the [[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]].</ref> Certainly Jackson's discipline and tactical sense were sorely missed.

As a boy, General [[George S. Patton|George Patton]] (of [[World War II]] fame) prayed next to two portraits of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, whom he assumed were God and Jesus.<ref>Robert H. Patton, The Pattons: A Personal History of an American Family (New York: Crown Publishers, 1994), 90.</ref> He once told [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] "I will be your Jackson."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matthew F. Holland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhEDOCuhAaAC&pg=PA98 |title=Eisenhower Between the Wars: The Making of a General and Statesman |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-275-96340-8 |pages=98–}}</ref> General [[Douglas MacArthur]] called [[Robert L. Eichelberger]] his Stonewall Jackson.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Major Matthew H. Fath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czJvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=Eichelberger – Intrepidity, Iron Will, And Intellect: General Robert L. Eichelberger And Military Genius |publisher=Verdun Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78625-238-8 |pages=21–}}</ref> [[Chesty Puller]] idolized Jackson, and carried [[George Francis Robert Henderson|George Henderson]]'s [[Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War|biography of Jackson]] with him on campaigns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Major Mickey L. Quintrall USAF |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cShwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18 |title=The Chesty Puller Paragon: Leadership Dogma Or Model Doctrine? |publisher=Lucknow Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78625-075-9 |pages=18–}}</ref> [[Alexander Vandegrift]] also idolized Jackson.

His last words, "Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees" were the inspiration for the title of [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s 1950 novel ''[[Across the River and into the Trees]]''.

===Descendants===
Jackson's grandson and great-grandson, both namesakes, Thomas Jonathan Jackson Christian (1888–1952) and [[Thomas Jonathan Jackson Christian Jr.]] (1915–1944), both graduated from West Point. The elder Christian was a career US Army officer who served during both World Wars and rose to the rank of brigadier general. Thomas Jonathan Jackson Christian's parents were William Edmund Christian and Julia Laura Christian. Julia was the daughter of Stonewall Jackson and his bride Mary Anna Morrison.

The younger Christian was a colonel in command of the [[361st Fighter Group]] flying [[P-51 Mustangs]] in the European Theater of Operations in World War II when he was killed in action in August 1944; his personal aircraft, ''Lou IV'', was one of the most photographed P-51s in the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Jonathan Christian Jackson Christian Jr: American Air Museum in Britain |url=http://www.americanairmuseum.com/person/211878}}</ref>

===Commemorations===
{{main|List of memorials to Stonewall Jackson}}

As an important element of the ideology of the "[[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]]", Jackson has been commemorated in numerous ways, including with statues, currency, and postage.<ref name="Wallace Hettle 2011" /> A poem penned during the war soon became a popular song, "[[Stonewall Jackson's Way]]". The [[Stonewall Brigade Band]] is still active today.

[[West Virginia]]'s Stonewall Jackson State Park is named in his honor. Nearby, at Stonewall Jackson's historical childhood home, his uncle's grist mill is the centerpiece of a historical site at the [[Jackson's Mill State 4-H Camp Historic District|Jackson's Mill Center for Lifelong Learning and State 4-H Camp]]. The facility, located near [[Weston, West Virginia|Weston]], serves as a special campus for [[West Virginia University]] and the WVU Extension Service.

During a training exercise in Virginia by U.S. Marines in 1921, the Marine commander, General [[Smedley Butler]], was told by a local farmer that Stonewall Jackson's arm was buried nearby under a granite marker, to which Butler replied, "Bosh! I will take a squad of Marines and dig up that spot to prove you wrong!"<ref name="Farwell513">Farwell, 1993, p. 513</ref> Butler found the arm in a box under the marker. He later replaced the wooden box with a metal one, and reburied the arm. He left a plaque on the granite monument marking the burial place of Jackson's arm; the plaque is no longer on the marker but can be viewed at the Chancellorsville Battlefield Visitor Center.<ref name="Farwell513" /><ref name="Horwitz232">Horwitz, 1999, p. 232</ref>

Beginning in 1904 the Commonwealth of Virginia celebrated [[Lee–Jackson Day|Jackson's birthday as a state holiday]]; the observance was eliminated, with [[Election Day (United States)|Election Day]] as a replacement holiday, effective July 2020.<ref name="Vozzella 2020">{{Cite news |last=Vozzella |first=Laura |date=January 21, 2020 |title=Virginia Senate votes to eliminate Lee-Jackson Day, create new Election Day holiday |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginia-senate-votes-to-eliminate-lee-jackson-day-create-new-election-day-holiday/2020/01/21/6eb8fea2-3c73-11ea-8872-5df698785a4e_story.html |access-date=January 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+SB601 Virginia General Assembly SB 601 Legal holidays; Election Day]</ref>

Jackson is featured on the 1925 [[Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar|Stone Mountain Memorial half-dollar]].

A [[Stonewall Jackson Monument]] was unveiled on October 11, 1919,<ref name="SI">{{Cite web |title=General Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson Equestrian, (sculpture). |url=https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=ariall&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!14729~!0#focus |access-date=July 1, 2020 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref> in Richmond, Virginia. It was removed on July 1, 2020, during the [[2020–2021 United States racial unrest#Monument removals|2020–2021 United States racial unrest]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times-Dispatch |first=MARK ROBINSON Richmond |date=July 2020 |title=UPDATE: Crews on scene preparing for removal of Jackson statue on Monument Avenue |url=https://www.richmond.com/news/local/update-crews-on-scene-preparing-for-removal-of-jackson-statue-on-monument-avenue/article_4f139f30-c849-54d5-b768-de4ac5a02c22.html |access-date=July 1, 2020 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2020 |title=Stonewall Jackson removed from Richmond's Monument Avenue |url=https://apnews.com/b27b2bfce3ecefe13c917a69a59cd9da |access-date=August 22, 2020 |website=AP NEWS}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Generals Lee and Jackson-1937 Issue-4c.jpg|Robert E. Lee,  Stonewal Jackson and Stratford Hall, [[Army and Navy stamp issues of 1936-1937|Army Issue of 1936]] 
File:CSA-T64-$500-1864.jpg|Portrait on the 1864 [[Confederate States dollar|Confederate $500 banknote]]; Jackson was the only general featured on Confederate currency<ref>{{Cite news |last=Levin |first=Kevin M. |date=2016-04-21 |title=When Dixie Put Slaves on the Money |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/04/21/when-dixie-put-slaves-on-the-money |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref>
File:Stonewall Jackson Brigade sheet music.jpeg|The 1863 [[sheet music]] ''The Stonewall Brigade, Dedicated to the Memory of Stonewall Jackson, the Immortal Southern Hero, and His Brave Veterans''
File:Confederate States of America 1863 - Criswell 122.jpg|Jackson on an 1863 Confederate loan
File:Stone mountain closer up.jpg|Davis, Lee, and Jackson on [[Stone Mountain]]
File:Stonewall Jackson monument, Charlottesville, VA IMG 4221.JPG|The [[Equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson (Charlottesville, Virginia)|''Thomas Jonathan Jackson'' sculpture]] in downtown [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]
File:SWJCWV.jpg|Statue of Jackson in downtown [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]]
File:Washington-Wilkes Historical Museum, Stonewall Jackson bust, Monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America in Georgia (U.S. state) in 2019, from- 19-13-031-museum (cropped).jpg|Bust of Jackson at the [[Washington-Wilkes Historical Museum]]
File:Stonewall-jackson-removal.jpg|The [[Stonewall Jackson Monument]] in Richmond, Virginia being removed in 2020
File:Stonewall Jackson with the flag of the Confederate States in art in a stained glass window of the Washington National Cathedral detail, from- Stonewall Jackson Stain Glass (cropped).JPG|Jackson reading the Bible in a Confederate camp in a stained glass window of the [[Washington National Cathedral]]. The windows were removed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boorstein |first=Michelle |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Washington National Cathedral to remove stained glass windows honoring Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/09/06/washington-national-cathedral-to-remove-stained-glass-windows-honoring-robert-e-lee-stonewall-jackson/}}</ref>
</gallery>