Editing Stanford University (section)

=== Natural sciences ===
[[File:Felix Bloch 1950s.jpg|thumb|[[Felix Bloch]], physics professor, 1952 Nobel laureate for his work at Stanford]]
*[[Biological synthesis]] of [[deoxyribonucleic acid]] (DNA) – [[Arthur Kornberg]] discovered the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of [[RNA|ribonucleic acid]] and [[DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid]], and won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1959 for his work at Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1959/kornberg/facts/ |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=nobelprize.org}}</ref> By studying bacteria, Kornberg succeeded in isolating DNA polymerase in 1956–an enzyme that is active in the formation of DNA.
*First [[Transgenic organism]] – [[Stanley Norman Cohen|Stanley Cohen]] and [[Herbert Boyer]] were the first scientists to transplant genes from one living organism to another, a fundamental discovery for genetic engineering.<ref name="Yount">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOdHrsTZ-RYC&pg=PA46 |title=A to Z of biologists |last1=Yount |first1=Lisa |date=2003 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-4541-9 |location=New York |pages=47–49 |access-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Cohen2013">{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=S. N. |date=September 16, 2013 |title=DNA cloning: A personal view after 40 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=110 |issue=39 |pages=15521–15529 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1313397110 |pmc=3785787 |pmid=24043817 |bibcode=2013PNAS..11015521C |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Thousands of products have been developed on the basis of their work, including [[human growth hormone]] and [[hepatitis B vaccine]].
*[[Laser]] – [[Arthur Leonard Schawlow]] shared the 1981 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] with [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] and [[Kai Siegbahn]] for his work on lasers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Arthur_L._Schawlow |title=Arthur L. Schawlow |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |access-date=August 10, 2011 |archive-date=October 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019015134/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Arthur_L._Schawlow |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hänsch, Theodor W. |author-link=Theodor W. Hänsch |date=December 1999 |title=Obituary: Arthur Leonard Schawlow |url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v52/i12/p75_s2?bypassSSO=1 |journal=Physics Today |volume=52 |issue=12 |pages=75–76 |bibcode=1999PhT....52l..75H |doi=10.1063/1.2802854}}</ref>
*[[Nuclear magnetic resonance]] – [[Felix Bloch]] developed new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements, which are the underlying principles of [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=Luis W. |author-link=Luis Walter Alvarez |last2=Bloch |first2=F. |year=1940 |title=A Quantitative Determination of the Neutron Moment in Absolute Nuclear Magnetons |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=111–122 |bibcode=1940PhRv...57..111A |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.57.111}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bloch |first1=F. |last2=Hansen |first2=W. W. |author-link2=W. W. Hansen |last3=Packard |first3=Martin |date=February 1, 1946 |title=Nuclear Induction |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=69 |issue=3–4 |page=127 |bibcode=1946PhRv...69..127B |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.69.127 |doi-access=free}}</ref>