Editing Sievert (section)

===Stochastic effects===
Stochastic effects are those that occur randomly, such as [[radiation-induced cancer]]. The consensus of nuclear regulators, governments and the [[UNSCEAR]] is that the incidence of cancers due to ionizing radiation can be modeled as increasing linearly with [[effective dose (radiation)|effective dose]] at a rate of 5.5% per sievert.<ref name="ICRP103" /> This is known as the [[linear no-threshold model]] (LNT model). Some argue that this LNT model is now outdated and should be replaced with a threshold below which the body's natural cell processes repair damage and/or replace damaged cells.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Tubiana | first=Maurice | title=Dose–effect relationship and estimation of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of ionizing radiation: The joint report of the Académie des Sciences (Paris) and of the Académie Nationale de Médecine | journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=63 | issue=2 | year=2005 | issn=0360-3016 | doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.013 | pages=317–319| pmid=16168825 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Allison | first=Wade | title=Nuclear is for life: a cultural revolution | publisher=Wade Allison Publishing | publication-place=Aylesbury | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-9562756-4-6 | oclc=945569856}}</ref> There is general agreement that the risk is much higher for infants and fetuses than adults, higher for the middle-aged than for seniors, and higher for women than for men, though there is no quantitative consensus about this.<ref name="peck">{{cite web |last1=Peck |first1=Donald J. |title=How to Understand and Communicate Radiation Risk |url=http://www.imagewisely.org/Imaging-Professionals/Medical-Physicists/Articles/How-to-Understand-and-Communicate-Radiation-Risk.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208060102/http://www.imagewisely.org/Imaging-Professionals/Medical-Physicists/Articles/How-to-Understand-and-Communicate-Radiation-Risk.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2010 |publisher=Image Wisely |access-date=18 May 2012 |last2=Samei |first2=Ehsan }}</ref><ref name="UNSCEAR">{{cite book |author=United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation |title=Effects of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2006 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes |year=2008 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York |isbn=978-92-1-142263-4 |url=http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications.html |access-date=18 May 2012 }}</ref>