Editing Sea urchin (section)

=== Phylogeny ===
==== External ====
Echinoids are [[deuterostome]] animals, like the [[chordate]]s. A 2014 analysis of 219 genes from all classes of echinoderms gives the following [[phylogenetic tree]].<ref name="TelfordLowe2014">{{cite journal |last1=Telford |first1=M. J. |last2=Lowe|first2=C. J.|last3=Cameron |first3=C. B. |last4=Ortega-Martinez |first4=O. |last5=Aronowicz |first5=J. |last6=Oliveri|first6=P. |last7=Copley |first7=R. R. |title=Phylogenomic analysis of echinoderm class relationships supports Asterozoa |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1786 |year=2014 |pages=20140479 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2014.0479|pmid=24850925 |pmc=4046411 }}</ref> Approximate dates of branching of major clades are shown in millions of years ago (mya).

{{Clade
|label1=[[Bilateria]]
|1={{Clade
   |label1=[[Xenacoelomorpha]]
   |1=[[File:Proporus sp.png|80 px]]
   |label2=[[Nephrozoa]] |sublabel2=650 mya
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Deuterostomia]] |sublabel1=>540 mya
      |1={{clade
         |label1=[[Chordata]] and allies
         |1=[[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|80 px]]
         |label2=[[Echinodermata]] |sublabel2=c. 500 mya
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |label1=[[Echinozoa]]
               |1={{clade
                  |label1=[[Holothuroidea]] |sublabel1='' Sea cucumbers ''
                  |1=[[File:Holothuroidea.JPG|80 px]]
                  |label2='''Echinoidea''' |sublabel2=c. 450 mya
                  |2=[[File:Red sea urchin 2.jpg|70 px]]
                  }}
               |label2=[[Asterozoa]]
               |2={{clade
                  |label1=[[Ophiuroidea]] |sublabel1=''Brittle stars''
                  |1=[[File:Ophiura ophiura.jpg|80 px]]
                  |label2=[[Asteroidea]] |sublabel2=''Starfish''
                  |2=[[File:Portugal 20140812-DSC01434 (21371237591).jpg|80 px]]
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Crinoidea]] |sublabel2=''Crinoids''
            |2=[[File:Crinoid on the reef of Batu Moncho Island (cropped).JPG|50 px]]
            }}
         }}
      |label2 =[[Protostomia]] |sublabel2=610 mya
      |2={{Clade
         |1=[[Ecdysozoa]] [[File:Long nosed weevil edit.jpg|80 px]]
         |2=[[Spiralia]] [[File:Grapevinesnail 01.jpg|80 px]]
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==== Internal ====
The phylogeny of the sea urchins is as follows:<ref name="PlanetZiegler2012">{{cite journal|last1=Planet|first1=Paul J. |last2=Ziegler |first2=Alexander |last3=Schröder |first3=Leif |last4=Ogurreck |first4=Malte |last5=Faber |first5=Cornelius |last6=Stach |first6=Thomas |title=Evolution of a Novel Muscle Design in Sea Urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=5 |year=2012 |pages=e37520 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0037520|pmid=22624043 |pmc=3356314 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...737520Z |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="KrohSmith2010">{{cite journal |last1=Kroh |first1=Andreas |last2=Smith |first2=Andrew B. |title=The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=8 |issue=2 |year=2010|pages=147–212 |doi=10.1080/14772011003603556|doi-access=free |bibcode=2010JSPal...8..147K }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1='''Echinoidea''' |sublabel1=450 mya
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Cidaroida]] [[File:Fish4570 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|50 px]]
   |label2=[[Euechinoidea]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Echinothurioida]] [[File:Toxic Leather Sea Urchin - Asthenosoma marisrubri.jpg|60 px]]
      |label2=[[Acroechinoidea]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Diadematoida]] [[File:Diadema antillarum Flower Garden Banks.jpg|60 px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Irregularia]] [[File:Clypeaster rosaceus (San Salvador Island, Bahamas) 3.jpg|45 px]] [[File:Pourtalesia wandeli.png|60 px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Pedinoida]] [[File:Caenopedina hawaiiensis.jpg|60 px]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Salenioida]] [[File:Salenocidaris hastigera.png|60 px]]
                  |label2=[[Echinacea (animal)|Echinacea]]
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Stomopneustidae]] [[File:S. variolaris.jpg|60 px]]
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=[[Arbaciidae]] [[File:Arbacia lixula 03.JPG|60 px]]
                        |label2=[[Camarodonta]]
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=[[Parasaleniidae]] [[File:Parasalenia poehlii.JPG|60 px]]
                           |2={{clade
                              |1={{clade
                                 |1=[[Temnopleuridae]] [[File:Salmacis sphaeroides.jpg|60 px]]
                                 |2=[[Trigonocidaridae]]
                                 }}
                              |label2=[[Echinoida]]
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=[[Echinidae]] [[File:Riccio Melone a Capo Caccia adventurediving.it.jpg|60 px]]
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |1=[[Parechinidae]] [[File:Psammechinus microtuberculatus.jpg|60 px]]
                                    |2={{clade
                                       |1=[[Toxopneustidae]] [[File:Toxopneustes pileolus (Sea urchin).jpg|60 px]]
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1=[[Echinometridae]] [[File:Heterocentrotus mammillatus in situ from Hawaii.JPG|60 px]]
                                          |2=[[Strongylocentrotidae]] [[File:Strongylocentrotus franciscanus at Telegraph Cove.jpg|60 px]]
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

The phylogenetic study from 2022 presents a different topology of the [[Euechinoidea]] phylogenetic tree. [[Irregularia]] are sister group of [[Echinacea (animal)|Echinacea]] (including [[Salenioida]]) forming a common clade [[Carinacea]], basal groups [[Aspidodiadematoida]], [[Diadematoida]], [[Echinothurioida]], [[Micropygoida]], and [[Pedinoida]] are comprised in a common basal clade [[Aulodonta]].<ref name="Koch_2022">{{cite journal |last1=Koch |first1=Nicolás Mongiardino |last2=Thompson |first2=Jeffrey R |last3=Hiley |first3=Avery S |last4=McCowin |first4=Marina F |last5=Armstrong |first5=A Frances |last6=Coppard |first6=Simon E |last7=Aguilera |first7=Felipe |last8=Bronstein |first8=Omri |last9=Kroh |first9=Andreas |last10=Mooi |first10=Rich |last11=Rouse |first11=Greg W |title=Phylogenomic analyses of echinoid diversification prompt a re-evaluation of their fossil record |journal=eLife |date=Mar 22, 2022 |volume=11 |pages=e72460 |doi=10.7554/eLife.72460 |pmid=35315317 |pmc=8940180 |doi-access=free}}</ref>