Editing Samarium (section)

===Non-commercial and potential uses===

* The change in electrical resistivity in [[samarium monochalcogenides]] can be used in a pressure sensor or in a memory device triggered between a low-resistance and high-resistance state by external pressure,<ref>{{Cite patent|number=20100073997|title=Piezo-Driven Non-Volatile Memory Cell with Hysteretic Resistance|gdate=2010-03-25|invent1=Elmegreen|invent2=Krusin-elbaum|invent3=Liu|invent4=Martyna|inventor1-first=Bruce G.|inventor2-first=Lia|inventor3-first=Xiao Hu|inventor4-first=Glenn J.|url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2010/0073997.html}}</ref> and such devices are being developed commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://tenzo-sms.ru/en/about |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=tenzo-sms.ru}}</ref> Samarium monosulfide also generates electric voltage upon moderate heating to about {{convert|150|C|F}} that can be applied in [[Thermoelectric generator|thermoelectric power converters]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kaminskii|first1=V. V. |last2=Solov'ev |first2=S. M. |last3=Golubkov|first3=A. V.|title=Electromotive Force Generation in Homogeneously Heated Semiconducting Samarium Monosulfide |doi=10.1134/1.1467284 |date=2002 |page=229 |volume=28 |journal=Technical Physics Letters |url=http://www.tenzo-sms.ru/en/articles/5 |issue=3 |bibcode=2002TePhL..28..229K |s2cid=122463906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315180549/http://www.tenzo-sms.ru/en/articles/5 |archive-date=2012-03-15}}</ref>
* Analysis of relative concentrations of samarium and neodymium isotopes {{sup|147}}Sm, {{sup|144}}Nd, and {{sup|143}}Nd allows determination of the age and origin of rocks and meteorites in [[samarium–neodymium dating]]. Both elements are lanthanides and are very similar physically and chemically. Thus, Sm–Nd dating is either insensitive to partitioning of the marker elements during various geologic processes, or such partitioning can well be understood and modeled from the [[ionic radius|ionic radii]] of said elements.<ref>Bowen, Robert and Attendorn, H -G [https://books.google.com/books?id=k90iAnFereYC&pg=PA270 ''Isotopes in the Earth Sciences''], Springer, 1988, {{ISBN|0-412-53710-9}}, pp. 270 ff</ref>
* The Sm{{sup|3+}} ion is a potential [[Activator (phosphor)|activator]] for use in warm-white light emitting diodes. It offers high [[luminous efficacy]] due to narrow emission bands; but the generally low [[quantum efficiency]] and too little absorption in the [[Ultraviolet#Subtypes|UV-A]] to blue spectral region hinders commercial application.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baur|first1=F.|last2=Katelnikovas|first2=A. |last3=Sazirnakovas|first3=S. |last4=Jüstel|first4=T. |title=Synthesis and Optical Properties of Li{{sub|3}}Ba{{sub|2}}La{{sub|3}}(MoO{{sub|4}}){{sub|8}}:Sm{{sup|3+}} |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B |volume=69|pages=183–192 |date=2014|doi=10.5560/ZNB.2014-3279|issue=2|s2cid=197099937}}</ref>
* Samarium is used for [[ionosphere]] testing. A rocket spreads samarium monoxide as a red vapor at high altitude, and researchers test how the atmosphere disperses it and how it impacts radio transmissions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caton |first1=Ronald G. |last2=Pedersen |first2=Todd R. |last3=Groves |first3=Keith M. |last4=Hines |first4=Jack |last5=Cannon |first5=Paul S. |last6=Jackson-Booth |first6=Natasha |last7=Parris |first7=Richard T. |last8=Holmes |first8=Jeffrey M. |last9=Su |first9=Yi-Jiun |last10=Mishin |first10=Evgeny V. |last11=Roddy |first11=Patrick A. |last12=Viggiano |first12=Albert A. |last13=Shuman |first13=Nicholas S. |last14=Ard |first14=Shaun G. |last15=Bernhardt |first15=Paul A. |last16=Siefring |first16=Carl L. |last17=Retterer |first17=John |last18=Kudeki |first18=Erhan |last19=Reyes |first19=Pablo M. |title=Artificial ionospheric modification: The Metal Oxide Space Cloud experiment |journal=Radio Science |date=May 2017 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=539–558 |doi=10.1002/2016rs005988|url=https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/40897676/Caton_et_al_2017_Radio_Science.pdf |bibcode=2017RaSc...52..539C |s2cid=55195732 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zell |first1=Holly |title=First of Four Sounding Rockets Launched from the Marshall Islands |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sounding-rockets/news/mosc.html |website=NASA |language=en |date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2019-08-15 |archive-date=2021-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011040155/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sounding-rockets/news/mosc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Samarium hexaboride, {{chem2|SmB6}}, has recently been shown to be a [[topological insulator]] with potential uses in [[quantum computing]].<ref name="physorgsamarium">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=G. |last2=Xiang |first2=Z. |last3=Yu |first3=F. |last4=Asaba |first4=T. |last5=Lawson |first5=B. |last6=Cai |first6=P. |last7=Tinsman |first7=C. |last8=Berkley |first8=A. |last9=Wolgast |first9=S. |last10=Eo |first10=Y. S. |last11=Kim |first11=Dae-Jeong |last12=Kurdak |first12=C. |last13=Allen |first13=J. W. |last14=Sun |first14=K. |last15=Chen |first15=X. H. |date=2014-12-05 |title=Two-dimensional Fermi surfaces in Kondo insulator SmB 6 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1250366 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=346 |issue=6214 |pages=1208–1212 |doi=10.1126/science.1250366 |pmid=25477456 |arxiv=1306.5221 |bibcode=2014Sci...346.1208L |s2cid=119191689 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Botimer|arxiv=1211.6769 |first1=J. |last2=Kim |first2=D. J. |last3=Thomas  |first3=S. |last4=Grant |first4=T. |last5=Fisk |first5=Z. |author6=Jing Xia |title=Robust Surface Hall Effect and Nonlocal Transport in SmB<sub>6</sub>: Indication for an Ideal Topological Insulator |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=3 |issue=3150 |pages=3150 |year=2013|doi=10.1038/srep03150 |bibcode=2013NatSR...3.3150K |pmid=24193196 |pmc=3818682}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Xiaohang |last2=Butch |first2=N. P. |last3=Syers |first3=P. |last4=Ziemak |first4=S. |last5=Greene |first5=Richard L. |last6=Paglione |first6=Johnpierre |title=Hybridization, Correlation, and In-Gap States in the Kondo Insulator SmB<sub>6</sub> |year=2013 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevX.3.011011 |journal=Physical Review X |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=011011 |arxiv=1211.5532|bibcode=2013PhRvX...3a1011Z |s2cid=53638956 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv=1211.5104 |first1=Steven |last1=Wolgast |first2=Cagliyan |last2=Kurdak |first3=Kai |last3=Sun |first4=J. W. |last4=Allen |first5=Dae-Jeong |last5=Kim |first6=Zachary |last6=Fisk |title=Low-temperature surface conduction in the Kondo insulator SmB<sub>6</sub>|journal=Physical Review B |volume=88 |issue=18 |pages=180405 |date=2012 |display-authors=3|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.88.180405 |bibcode=2013PhRvB..88r0405W |s2cid=119242604 }}</ref>